Bone Disease in patients with cystic fibrosis


These are some illustrations from a talk given to our cystic fibrosis group on April 24, 1998. The presentation will need some revising for the Web, but here it is for now:

This is a review of published literature that reports spinal bone density in either T or Z scores. In young adults the T scores are the same as Z scores so I substituted them.

SPINE BONE DENSITY

Patients with cystic fibrosis
NumberSubjectsZ-score
11 Adult lung tx -2.50
20 adult lung tx -2.14
16 adults -1.40
10 adults -1.47
70 adults -2.40
22 adults -2.80
49 adults and children -1.74
31 adults and children -1.00
62 children -1.30
28 girls QCT -0.31
29 boys QCT -0.97

Fracture rates in CF patients Fracture locations in CF patients Vitamin D in CF patients


FACTORS THAT COULD LEAD TO BONE DISEASE			
in patients with cystic fibrosis			
			
Malabsorption			
	of vitamin D		
	of calcium	(.118 in normals	
		.090 CF without enzymes	
		.110 CF with enzymes)	
			
	of general nutrients		
			
Low Vitamin D levels			
	also depends on sun exposure		
	measure 25 OH instead of 1,25(OH)2 unless:		
	 	renal failure	
		ketoconazole (can reduce 1,25)	
		unexplained calcium abnormalities
		
Hypogonadism		
	high incidence in adult patients	
	usually hypogonadotrophic	
		
Inactivity		
		
Respiratory acidosis		
		
Cytokines from chronic infections		

TREATMENT OF BONE DISEASE			
in patients with cystic fibrosis			
			
Malabsorption			
	Nutritional support		
	Especially calcium		
	Try calcium citrate		
			
Low Vitamin D levels			
	Replace with 800-1000 units/day or more		
	follow 25 OH vitamin D levels		
	 		
Hypogonadism			
	Give teens and women estrogen if needed		
	Avoid depo-provera		
	Give males testosterone		
		
Inactivity		
	Encourage exercise	
		
Respiratory acidosis - treat		
		
Cytokines from chronic infections - treat		
		
Use corticosteroids only when necessary		
	In some cases may use calcitonin to mitigate effects	
	But there MUST be adequate calcium/vitamin D	
		
Consider growth hormone 		
Growth hormone in CF patients
WHY TO AVOID BISPHOSPHONATES			
in patients with cystic fibrosis			
			
Etidronate (Didronel)			
Pamidronate (Aredia)			
Alendronate (Fosamax)			
			
May cause osteomalacia			
	Patients with C.F. already prone to this		
			
May inhibit primary modeling of growing bone			
			
Safety in children not established			
	only reported in a few cases
	should do bone biopsies if done on research basis	
			
Half-life in bone is >10 years! 			
		
Poor absorption in normals		
	probably worse in C.F.	

References

1. Aris RM, Neuringer IP, Weiner MA, Egan TM, Ontjes D. Severe osteoporosis before and after lung transplantation. Chest. 1996; 109: 1176-83.

2. Aris RM, Renner JB, Winders AD, Buell HE, Riggs DBL, Ontjes DA. Increased rate of fractures and severe kyphosis: sequelae of living into adulthood with cystic fibrosis. Ann Intern Med. 1998; 128: 186-93.

3. Bachrach LK, Loutit CW, Moss RB. Osteopenia in adults with cystic fibrosis. Am J Med. 1994; 96: 27-34.

4. Baroncelli GI, De Luca F, Magazz'u G, Arrigo TSC, Catena C, Bertelloni S, et al. Bone demineralization in cystic fibrosis: evidence of imbalance between bone formation and degradation. Pediatr Res. 1997; 41: 397-403.

5. Bhudhikanok GS, Lim J, Marcus R, Harkins A, Moss RBB. Correlates of osteopenia in patients with cystic fibrosis. Pediatrics. 1996; 97: 103-11.

6. De Schepper J, Smitz J, Dab I, Piepsz A, Jonckheer MBP. Low serum bone gamma-carboxyglutamic acid protein concentrations in patients with cystic fibrosis: correlation with hormonal parameters and bone mineral density. Horm Res. 1993; 39: 197-201.

7. Grey AB, Ames RW, Matthews RD, Reid IR. Bone mineral density and body composition in adult patients with cystic fibrosis. Thorax. 1993; 48: 589-93.

8. Hardin DS, Sy JP. Effects of growth hormone treatment in children with cystic fibrosis: the National Cooperative Growth Study experience. J Pediatr. 1997; 131: S65-9.

9. Henderson RC, Lester G. Vitamin D levels in children with cystic fibrosis. South Med J. 1997; 90: 378-83.

10. Henderson RC, Madsen CD. Bone density in children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis. J Pediatr. 1996; 128: 28-34.

11. Henderson RC, Specter BB. Kyphosis and fractures in children and young adults with cystic fibrosis. J Pediatr. 1994; 125: 208-12.

12. Huseman CA, Colombo JL, Brooks MA, Smay JRG, Sammut PH, Bier DM. Anabolic effect of biosynthetic growth hormone in cystic fibrosis patients. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1996; 22: 90-5.

13. Lipnick RN, Glass RB. Bone changes associated with cystic fibrosis. Skeletal Radiol. 1992; 21: 115-6.

14. Peters SA, Rolles CJ. Vitamin therapy in cystic fibrosis--a review and rationale. J Clin Pharm Ther. 1993; 18: 33-8.

15. Rochat T, Slosman DO, Pichard C, Belli DC. Body composition analysis by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry in adults with cystic fibrosis. Chest. 1994; 106: 800-5.

16. Salamoni F, Roulet M, Gudinchet F, Pilet M, Thi'ebaud DBP. Bone mineral content in cystic fibrosis patients: correlation with fat-free mass. Arch Dis Child. 1996; 74: 314-8.

17. Shane E, Silverberg SJ, Donovan D, Papadopoulos ASR, Addesso V, Jorgesen B, et al. Osteoporosis in lung transplantation candidates with end-stage pulmonary disease. Am J Med. 1996; 101: 262-9.

18. Stead. Vitamin D and parathryoid hormone and bone mineralisation in adults with cystic fibrosis. Thorax. 1988; 43: 190-194.

19. Stillwell PC, Mallory GBJ. Pediatric lung transplantation. Clin Chest Med. 1997; 18: 405-14.

20. Teramoto S, Matsuse T, Ouchi Y. Osteoporosis in lung transplantation candidates with end-stage pulmonary disease. Am J Med. 1997; 103: 334-6.


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