Abrahamsen, B.(1996). Impact of hemodialysis on dual X-ray absorptiometry, bioelectrical impedance measurements, and anthropometry. Am J Clin Nutr 63: 80-6.
Adam, B.(1996). A clinical correlative study of bone densitometric changes in hemodialysis patients with hyperparathyroidism. Nephron 74: 483-4.
Aird, E. (1980). Photon absorptiometry in hemodialysis and transplant patients in Newcastle upon Tyne, England. Mazess, R NIH Publication No. 80-1938: 217-230.
Alem, A. M.(2000). Increased risk of hip fracture among patients with end-stage renal disease. Kidney Int 58: 396-9.
Arici, M.(2000). Bone mineral density in haemodialysis patients: A comparative study of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and quantitative ultrasound. Nephrol Dial Transplant 15: 1847-51.
Asaka M. (1992). Total and regional bone mineral density by dual photon absorptiometry in patients on maintenance hemodialysis. Clin Nephrol 38: 149-53.
Atsumi, K.(1999). Risk factors for vertebral fractures in renal osteodystrophy. Am J Kidney Dis 33: 287-93.
Bailey RR (1980). Bone mineral content of patients on hemodialysis and following renal transplantation. Mazess, R NIH Publication No. 80-1938: 211.
Ball, A. M.(2002). Risk of hip fracture among dialysis and renal transplant recipients. Jama 288: 3014-8.
Barnas, U.(2001). A comparison of quantitative computed tomography and dual X-ray absorptiometry for evaluation of bone mineral density in patients on chronic hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 37: 1247-52.
Bianchi, M. (1992). Bone mass status is different degrees of chronic renal failure. Bone 13: 225-228.
Bianchi ML (1992). Bone mass status in different degrees of chronic renal failure. Bone 13: 225-8.
Block, G. A.(2000). Re-evaluation of risks associated with hyperphosphatemia and hyperparathyroidism in dialysis patients: recommendations for a change in management. Am J Kidney Dis 35(6): 1226-37.
Boling EP (1993). Non-invasive measurements of bone mass in adult renal osteodystrophy. Bone 14: 409-13.
Bronner M (1986). Estrogen-progesterone therapy for bleeding gastrointestinal telangiectasias in chronic renal failure. Ann Intern Med 105: 371-374.
Buccianti (1984). Progress of renal osteodystrophy during continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Clin Nephrol 22: 279-83.
Carlini, R. G.(2000). Bone disease in patients with long-term renal transplantation and normal renal function. Am J Kidney Dis 36(1): 160-6.
Chan Tm (1992). Total and regional bone densities in dialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 7: 835-9.
Coco, M.(2000). Increased incidence of hip fractures in dialysis patients with low serum parathyroid hormone. Am J Kidney Dis 36: 1115-21.
Cohn SH, (1972). Determination of body composition by neutron activation analysis in patient with renal failure. J Lab Clin Med 79: 978-994.
Cohn SH, (1975). Correlation of radial bone mineral content with total body calcium in chronic renal failure. J Lab Clin Med 86: 910-919.
Copley, J. B.(1993). Longitudinal study of bone mass in end-stage renal disease patients: effects of parathyroidectomy for renal osteodystrophy. J Bone Miner Res 8: 415-22.
Cueto-Manzano, A. M.(2001). Association of sex hormone status with the bone loss of renal transplant patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 16: 1245-50.
Cunningham, J.(2004). Osteoporosis in chronic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis 43: 566-71.
Dabbagh, S.(1998). Renal osteodystrophy. Curr Opin Pediatr 10(2): 190-6.
Descamps-Latscha B, H. A. (1993). Long-term dialysis and cellular immunity: a critical survey. Kidney Int 43(Suppl. 41): S135-S142.
Diamond LH,(1976). Bone mineral analysis in renal osteodystrophy. Am J Roentg 126: 1291-1292.
Duarte, M. E.(1998). The spectrum of bone disease in 200 chronic hemodialysis patients: a correlation between clinical, biochemical and histological findings. Rev Paul Med 116(5): 1790-7.
Durieux, S.(2002). Bone mineral density and fracture prevalence in long-term kidney graft recipients. Transplantation 74: 496-500.
Eastell (1985). Changes in total body calcium after renal transplantation: effect of low-dose steroid regime. Nephron 40: 139-142.
Eeckhout (1989). Monitoring of bone mineral content in patients on regular hemodialysis. nephron 52: 158-161.
Eknoyan, G.(2003). Bone metabolism and disease in chronic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis 42: 1-201.
Elder, G.(2002). Pathophysiology and recent advances in the management of renal osteodystrophy. J Bone Miner Res 17: 2094-105.
Ergeneli, M. H.(1999). Endometrial response to unopposed estrogens remains unaltered in patients with chronic renal failure receiving hemodialysis. Gynecol Obstet Invest 47(1): 26-8.
Fletcher, S.(1997). Assessment of renal osteodystrophy in dialysis patients: use of bone alkaline phosphatase, bone mineral density and parathyroid ultrasound in comparison with bone histology. Nephron 75: 412-9.
Fontaine, M. A.(2000). Fracture and bone mineral density in hemodialysis patients. Clin Nephrol 54: 218-26.
Fournier, A.(1998). Renal osteodystrophy in dialysis patients: diagnosis and treatment. Artif Organs 22(7): 530-57.
Gabay (1993). Bone mineral density in patients with end-stage renal failure. Am J Nephrol 13: 115-23.
Gerakis, A.(2000). Correlation of bone mineral density with the histological findings of renal osteodystrophy in patients on hemodialysis. J Nephrol 13: 437-43.
Ghazali, A.(2003). Bone mineral density directly correlates with elevated serum leptin in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 18: 1882-90.
Griffiths HJ (1973). The use of photon absorptiometry in the diagnosis of renal osteodystrophy. Diagnostic Radiology 109: 277-281.
Haas, M.(2002). Osteoprotegerin and parathyroid hormone as markers of high-turnover osteodystrophy and decreased bone mineralization in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 39: 580-6.
Hampson, G.(2002). Comparison of the humoral markers of bone turnover and bone mineral density in patients on haemodialysis and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Nephron 91: 94-102.
Handelsman, D (1985). Hypothalamic-pituitary gonadal dysfunction in renal failure, dialysis and renal transplantation. Endocrine Reviews 6: 151-182.
Heaf JG, (1983). Use of bone mineral content determination in the evaluation of osteodystrophy among hemodialysis patients. Nephron 35: 103-107.
Hernandez, E.(2003). Effects of raloxifene on bone metabolism and serum lipids in postmenopausal women on chronic hemodialysis. Kidney Int 63: 2269-74.
Holley, J. L.(1997). Gynecologic and reproductive issues in women on dialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 29(5): 685-90.
Horber (1994). Changes in bone mass early after kidney transplantation. J Bone Mineral Res 9: 1-9.
Huraib, S.(1997). Long-term effect of intravenous calcitriol on the treatment of severe hyperparathyroidism, parathyroid gland mass and bone mineral density in haemodialysis patients. Am J Nephrol 17: 118-23.
Hutchison (1993). Correlation of bone histology with parathyroid hormone, vitamin D3, and radiology in end-stage renal disease. Kidney Int 44: 1071-7.
Jamal, S. A.(2002). Bone density and heel ultrasound testing do not identify patients with dialysis-dependent renal failure who have had fractures. Am J Kidney Dis 39: 843-9.
Joven (1993). Lipoprotein heterogeneity in end-stage renal disease. Kidney Int 43: 410-418.
Julian BA (1991). Rapid loss of vertebral mineral density after renal transplantation. N Engl J Med 325: 544-50.
Juttmann JR (1979). A longitudinal study of bone mineral content and intestinal calcium absorption in patients with chronic renal failure. Metabolism 28: 1114-1121.
Kaji, H.(2002). Risk factors for hip fracture in hemodialysis patients. Am J Nephrol 22: 325-31.
Kaji, H.(2003). Factors affecting bone mineral density in hemodialysis patients with diabetic nephropathy. Endocr J 50: 127-33.
Kausz, A. T.(1999). Screening plasma aluminum levels in relation to aluminum bone disease among asymptomatic dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 34(4): 688-93.
Kaye M (1993). Long-term outcome following total parathyroidectomy in patients with end-stage renal disease. Clin Nephrol 39: 192-7.
Kim, G.(2002). Use of vitamin D analogs in chronic renal failure. Adv Ren Replace Ther 9: 175-83.
Kim, S. J.(2003). Resolution of massive uremic tumoral calcinosis with daily nocturnal home hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 41: E12.
Kwan JT (1992). Changes in total body bone mineral content and regional bone mineral density in renal patients following renal transplantation. Miner Electrolyte Metab 18: 166-8.
Lechleitner (1994). Bone mineral densitometry in dialyzed patients: quantitative computed tomography versus dual photon absorptiometry. Bone 15: 387-391.
Lim VS (1980). Ovarian function in chronic renal failure: evidence suggesting hypothalamic anovulation. Ann Intern Med 93: 21-27.
Lindberg, J. S.(1999). Osteoporosis in end-state renal disease. Semin Nephrol 19(2): 115-22.
Lindergard B (1985). Studies of bone morphology, bone densitometry, and laboratory data in patients on maintenance hemodialysis treatment. Nephron 39: 122-129.
Livio M (1986). Conjugated estrogens for the management of bleeding associated with renal failure. N Engl J Med 315: 731-735.
Loghman-Adham, M.(1999). Phosphate binders for control of phosphate retention in chronic renal failure. Pediatr Nephrol 13(8): 701-8.
Malluche, H. H.(2003). Parathyroid hormone assays--evolution and revolutions in the care of dialysis patients. Clin Nephrol 59: 313-8.
Malyszko, J.(2002). Vitamin K status in relation to bone metabolism in patients with renal failure. Am J Nephrol 22: 504-8.
Martin, K. J.(2001). Strategies to minimize bone disease in renal failure. Am J Kidney Dis 38: 1430-6.
Martin, K. J.(2004). Diagnosis, assessment, and treatment of bone turnover abnormalities in renal osteodystrophy. Am J Kidney Dis 43: 558-65.
Marumo (1985). Deranged mineral content in the bone of patients with chronic renal failure, estimated by computed tomography. Int J Artificial Organs 8: 95-100.
Mattix, H.(2000). Estrogen replacement therapy: implications for postmenopausal women with end-stage renal disease. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 9: 207-14.
Matuszkiewicz-Rowinska, J.(1999). The benefits of hormone replacement therapy in pre-menopausal women with oestrogen deficiency on haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 14(5): 1238-43.
Mawad, H. W.(1999). Calcific uremic arteriolopathy in association with low turnover uremic bone disease. Clin Nephrol 52(3): 160-6.
Mazzaferro, S.(2000). Changes in bone turnover after parathyroidectomy in dialysis patients: role of calcitriol administration. Nephrol Dial Transplant 15(6): 877-82.
McIntyre, H. D.(1995). Long-term bone loss after renal transplantation: comparison of immunosuppressive regimens. Clin Transplant 9(1): 20-4.
Memoli B (1992). Hemodialysis related induction of interleukin-6 production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Kidney Int 42: 320-326.
Miller, A.(1999). Investigations of bone turnover in renal osteopathy. Eur J Med Res 4(2): 78-84.
Moe, S. M.(1993). Maintenance of bone mass in patients receiving dialytic therapy. Am J Kidney Dis 22: 300-7.
Molaison, E. F.(2000). Estrogen replacement therapy: a possible mode of combating the effects of renal osteodystrophy? J Ren Nutr 10: 154-7.
Monier-Faugere, M. C.(2000). High prevalence of low bone turnover and occurrence of osteomalacia after kidney transplantation. J Am Soc Nephrol 11(6): 1093-9.
Morita, A.(1996). The effect of oral 1 alpha-hydroxycalciferol treatment on bone mineral density in hemodialysis patients. Clin Nephrol 46: 389-93.
Mosconi, G.(1999). Severe gastrointestinal bleeding in a uremic patient treated with estrogen-progesterone therapy. Int J Artif Organs 22: 313-6.
Mottet, J. J.(1996). Evidence for preservation of cortical bone mineral density in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. J Bone Miner Res 11: 96-104.
Mucsi, I.(1999). Relative hypoparathyroidism and adynamic bone disease. Am J Med Sci 317(6): 405-9.
Nakashima, A.(2003). Bone mineral density may be related to atherosclerosis in hemodialysis patients. Osteoporos Int 14: 369-73. Epub 2003 May 24.
Overton TR (1976). Bone demineralization in renal failure: a longitudinal study of the distal femur using photon absorptiometry. Am J Roentg 126: 1289-1290.
Parfitt AM (1976). The effect of chronic renal failure and maintenance hemodialysis on bone mineral content of the radius. Am J Roentg 126: 1292-1293.
Park, J. S.(2000). Effects of hormonal replacement therapy on lipid and haemostatic factors in post-menopausal ESRD patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 15: 1835-40.
Piraino B (1988). Fractures and vertebral bone mineral density in patients with renal osteodystrophy. Clin Nephrol 30: 57-62.
Quarles, L. D.(2003). The calcimimetic AMG 073 as a potential treatment for secondary hyperparathyroidism of end-stage renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 14: 575-83.
Rickers, H. (1983). Bone mineral content in patients on prolonged maintenance hemodialysis: a three year follow-up study. Clin Nephrol 20: 302-307.
Rickers (1978). Bone mineral loss during maintenance hemodialysis. Acta Med Scand 204: 263-7.
Rickers (1983). Bone mineral content in patients on prolonged maintenance hemodialysis: a three year follow-up study. Clin Nephrol 20: 302-307.
Rix, M.(2004). Effect of 18 months of treatment with alfacalcidol on bone in patients with mild to moderate chronic renal failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant 19: 870-6.
Rudnicki, M.(1994). Effect of oral calcium on noninvasive indices of bone formation and bone mass in hemodialysis patients: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. Miner Electrolyte Metab 20: 130-4.
Russo, C. R.(1998). Volumetric bone density and geometry assessed by peripheral quantitative computed tomography in uremic patients on maintenance hemodialysis. Osteoporos Int 8: 443-8.
Schober, H. C.(1998). Mineralized bone loss at different sites in dialysis patients: implications for prevention. J Am Soc Nephrol 9(7): 1225-33.
Schuster Vl (1985). Calcium balance in uremia: longitudinal study of long-term survivors. Nephron 41: 132-140.
Seeman E (1989). The effect of renal transplantation on bone mass. Transplant Proc 21: 2159-60.
Sherrard, D. J.(1993). The spectrum of bone disease in end-stage renal failure--an evolving disorder. Kidney Int 43: 436-42.
Sherstha, R.(1997). Postmenopausal estrogen therapy selectively stimulates hepatic enlargement in women with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Hepatology 26(5): 1282-6.
Spindler, A.(1997). Muscular strength and bone mineral density in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 12: 128-32.
Stehman-Breen, C. O.(2000). Risk factors for hip fracture among patients with end-stage renal disease. Kidney Int 58: 2200-5.
Stein, M. S.(1996). Prevalence and risk factors for osteopenia in dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 28: 515-22.
Stracke, S.(1999). Clinical course after total parathyroidectomy without autotransplantation in patients with end-stage renal failure. Am J Kidney Dis 33(2): 304-11.
Swamy AP (1979). Hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis in uremic women. J Lab Clin Med 93: 1066-72.
Taal, M. W.(1999). Risk factors for reduced bone density in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 14: 1922-8.
Torregrosa, J. V.(2003). Usefulness of pamidronate in severe secondary hyperparathyroidism in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Kidney Int Suppl: S88-90.
Torres A (1986). Comparison of histomorphometry and computerized tomography of the spine in quantitating trabecular bone in renal osteodystrophy. Nephron 44: 282-287.
Ugur, A.(2001). Osteoporosis after renal transplantation: single center experience. Transplantation 71: 645-9.
Ulivieri, F. M.(2002). Effect of kidney transplantation on bone mass and body composition in males. Transplantation 73: 612-5.
Vautour, L. M.(2004). Long-term fracture risk following renal transplantation: a population-based study. Osteoporos Int 15: 160-7. Epub 2003 Dec 9.
Vigano G (1988). Dose-effect and pharmacokinetics of estrogens given to correct bleeding time in uremia. Kidney Int 34: 853-858.
Weinreich, T.(1999). Insulin-like growth factor 1 and 2 serum concentrations in dialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism and adynamic bone disease. Clin Nephrol 51(1): 27-33.
Weisinger, J. R.(2000). Role of persistent amenorrhea in bone mineral metabolism of young hemodialyzed women. Kidney Int 58: 331-5.
Winkelmayer, W. C.(2003). The nephrologist's role in the management of calcium-phosphorus metabolism in patients with chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 63: 1836-42.
Yamaguchi, T.(1996). Retrospective study on the usefulness of radius and lumbar bone density in the separation of hemodialysis patients with fractures from those without fractures. Bone 19: 549-55.
Yano, S.(2003). Effect of parathyroidectomy on bone mineral density in hemodialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism: possible usefulness of preoperative determination of parathyroid hormone level for prediction of bone regain. Horm Metab Res 35: 259-64.
Yasuda, M.(2003). Multicenter clinical trial of 22-oxa-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 for chronic dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 41: S108-11.
Zingraff J (1982). Pituitary and ovarian dysfunctions in women on haemodialysis. Nephron 30: 149-53.
Updated 4/19/04