Statin references

Clinical studies

Edwards, C. J.(2000). Oral statins and increased bone-mineral density in postmenopausal women. Lancet 355: 2218-9.

Chan, K. A.(2000). Inhibitors of hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase and risk of fracture among older women. Lancet 355: 2185-8.

Reid, I. R.(2001). Effect of pravastatin on frequency of fracture in the LIPID study: secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial. Long-term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischaemic Disease. Lancet 357: 509-12.

Wang, P. S.(2000). HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors and the risk of hip fractures in elderly patients. Jama 283: 3211-6.

Meier, C. R.(2000). HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors and the risk of fractures. Jama 283: 3205-10.

van Staa, T. P.(2001). Use of statins and risk of fractures. Jama 285: 1850-5.

Cummings, S. R.(2000). Do statins prevent both cardiovascular disease and fracture? Jama 283: 3255-7.

Chung, Y. S.(2000). HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors increase BMD in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85: 1137-42.

Wada, Y.(2000). Lack of positive correlation between statin use and bone mineral density in Japanese subjects with type 2 diabetes. Arch Intern Med 160: 2865.

Basic and animal studies

Garrett, I. R. (1999). Cerivastatin increases BMP-2 expression in vivo and bone formation in concentrations of two orders of magnitude lower than other statins. ASBMR 21st annual meeting.

Mundy, G.(1999). Stimulation of bone formation in vitro and in rodents by statins. Science 286(5446): 1946-9.

Sugiyama, M.(2000). Compactin and simvastatin, but not pravastatin, induce bone morphogenetic protein-2 in human osteosarcoma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 271: 688-92.

Sato, T.(1998). Involvement of cholesterol in osteoclast-like cell formation via cellular fusion. Bone 23(2): 135-40.

Inhibition of mevalonate pathway

Benford, H. L.(1999). Farnesol and geranylgeraniol prevent activation of caspases by aminobisphosphonates: biochemical evidence for two distinct pharmacological classes of bisphosphonate drugs. Mol Pharmacol 56(1): 131-40.

Bassa, B. V.(1999). Effect of inhibition of cholesterol synthetic pathway on the activation of Ras and MAP kinase in mesangial cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 1449(2): 137-49.

van beek, E.(1999). The role of geranylgeranylation in bone resorption and its suppression by bisphosphonates in fetal bone explants in vitro: A clue to the mechanism of action of nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates. J Bone Miner Res 14(5): 722-9.

Fisher, J. E.(1999). Alendronate mechanism of action: geranylgeraniol, an intermediate in the mevalonate pathway, prevents inhibition of osteoclast formation, bone resorption, and kinase activation in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96(1): 133-8.

Luckman, S. P.(1998). Nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates inhibit the mevalonate pathway and prevent post-translational prenylation of GTP-binding proteins, including Ras. J Bone Miner Res 13(4): 581-9.