Georgia O'Keeffe, Mule Skull with Pink Poinsettias.

COMPARATIVE VERT. ANATOMY - Biology 453

LECTURE NOTES

Winter 2009

Notes will be added as the quarter proceeds.

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Exam 1
 
Exam 2
7 What are the differences amongst fish skulls?  
12 What are the mechanical & physiol. properties of skeletal muscle?
8 How did skulls change in the transition to land? 
9 How are mammalian skulls unique?  
14 What changes occurred during evolution of cranial muscles?
10 What are the major changes in the axial skeleton of vertebrates?
15 What are the special adaptations of terrestrial locomotion?
11 How did fins evolve? How did limbs evolve?
16 What are the differences & similarities in flight of birds & bats?

Exam 3
17 How was the oral cavity modified in vertebrate evolution?
22 What are the changes in heart & circulation of blood from fish to tetrapods?  
18 What are the major changes in the GI tract in vertebrate evolution?
23 What are the changes in the kidney during vertebrate evolution?  
19 What are the specializations in design & function of gill respiration?
24 What are the major differences in the male reproductive system?  
20 When did lungs evolve? What are the changes in lung evolution?
25 What are the major differences in the female reproductive system?  
Cardio. Cladogram - 1 change!