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Psychology
/ Women Studies 257 - Autumn, 2002 |
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Click here for a WORD version of this exam.
3. Despite the initial controversy over the exact meaning of "androgynous gender role identity," researchers now agree that an androgynous person embodies all of the best aspects of the masculine and the feminine gender role categories. 4. Individuals with an XO sex chromosome complement tend to have normal to above normal general intelligence with a specific deficit in visual spatial abilities. 5. In general, the gender role assigned to males in the US (and throughout most of the world) can be described as agentic in that men are expected to serve as agents who meet the social and emotional needs of others. 6. Researchers of gendered behaviors who work within the biological perspective are often interested in behaviors that appear to show the same gender difference in a wide variety of cultures.
8. Because the changes in the male gender role over the past 40 years have been minimal (compared to the female gender role), men are highly unlikely to experience gender role strain. 9. Sex differentiation of the gonads is not affected by the level of androgen available at that stage of development. 10. Atypical sex-chromosome complements are more likely to be found in those identified as male at birth than they are among those identified as female at birth. Multiple choice: Select the SINGLE most correct answer. 11. As noted in the textbook, social constructionists argue that: 12. A 14-year-old boy signs up for a dance class at school. His best
friend urges him to drop the class saying, "You don’t want everyone
to think you’re gay, do you?!" This is best described as an example
of: 13. The development of male gonads requires: 14. Gorski’s work with the Sexually Dimorphic Nucleus (SDN) of the
hypothalamus shows that: 15. In discussing differences in brain structure between women and
men, DeVries and Boyle emphasized: 16. Girls with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH): 17. Ben perceives himself as a man, but he displays traits, behaviors
and characteristics associated with the female gender role. Given
this information, which of the following best describes Ben? 18. While reading a journal article, you come across the following
statement: "Men were found to listen to heavy metal more than
women." From the perspective of the scientific study of gendered
behaviors, this statement means that: 19. Chromosomal sex typically is determined by: 20. Jacklin's concept of "Threshold of Convincability" refers to: 21. Which of the following types of studies are used to support the
argument that a given gender difference in behavior is biologically
based? 22. Based on the Bem Sex Role Inventory, an individual with an undifferentiated
gender role identity has ___________ feminine characteristics
and __________ masculine characteristics. 23. Individuals with an XYY sex chromosome complement: 24. When researchers refer to the lateralization of the brain, they
are referring to the fact that: 25. Which of the following is/are TRUE? 26. Your friend reads a research paper that reports that college
men scored 25 points higher than women on a math achievement test.
Your friend then concludes that, "being female obviously causes
a person to be worse at math." You would be most accurate if
you replied: 27. If a person has a female gender identity and a masculine gender-role
identity, we know: 28. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) results in _______ during
development and has a noticeable effect on the reproductive organs
of ____ individuals. 29. Development of functional ovaries requires: 30. According to Eagly’s social role theory of the origin of stereotypes,: 31. Gender stereotypes: 32. If you had to predict someone’s behavior in a certain situation,
and you could have just one clue about them, which of the following
pieces of information would be most helpful? 33. The specific undifferentiated structures from which normal female
internal genitalia develop are the: 34. The Rosenthall effect is the term used to describe: 35. Studies of brain lateralization: 36. Which of the following research methods can be used to demonstrate
a causal relationship between two factors? 37. A male gender identity: 38. While ____________ refers to one's attitudes towards people because
of their gender, ____________ refers to the differential treatment
of individuals because of their gender.
Short Answer: Answer these questions carefully and concisely. If you include information beyond that required to answer the question AND the extra information is incorrect, you will have points deducted from the score for that question.
For sex chromosomes, give the specific chromosomal makeup. For gonads, note whether testes, ovaries, both ovaries and testes, or undifferentiated. For internal genitalia, note entirely masculine, entirely feminine, or ambiguous (mixed). For external genitalia, note masculine, feminine or ambiguous.
2. Based on LeVay's work, how does the size the INAH3 nucleus of the hypothalamus of gay men compared to that of women (sexual orientation unspecified)? (2 points)
3. Based on LeVay's work, how does the size the INAH3 nucleus of the hypothalamus of gay men compared to that of heterosexual men? (2 points)
Short Answer: 1.
2A. INAH3 is the same size in gay men as in women. 2B. INAH3 is larger in heterosexual men than in gay men. Click here for a WORD version of this exam. True or False. (Answer A for True and B for False) 1. Men and women are equally likely to give directions using compass directions and distances and the key indicators. 2. John Money’s work with Brenda, a twin who was born male but raised as female, showed that gender identity is indeed bipotential. 3. Geschwind & Galaburda argue that gender differences in visual spatial abilities exist because good visual spatial ability is a recessive trait carried on the X chromosome. 4. Women who demonstrate high levels of fear of success are more likely to change their college major to one more traditionally appropriate for women than are women who are low in fear of success. 5. When the solution to a problem does not require knowledge of specific scientific information, girls and boys do not differ in performance on tests of scientific reasoning. 6. Girls who have a high IQ at age 11 show less of an increase in IQ between that age and age 41 than boys who have a high IQ at age 11. 7. The gender difference in verbal abilities is greatest among those identified as highly verbally gifted. 8. When only a small amount of rotation is necessary to solve a mental rotation problem, females perform better than males. 9. Stuttering and dyslexia are more common in boys than in girls. 10. Overall men perform better than women on current IQ tests but women score higher than men on some of the skills included in such tests. Multiple choice: Select the SINGLE most correct answer. (1 point each) 11. Jenny is six years old. She believes that she is a "girl"
and that she will always be a girl. She also commonly points out
the genders of other individuals and shows that she believes that
their genders, like her own, will not change over time. However,
when Jenny’s mother came home after getting a haircut that resembled
styles Jenny had usually seen on boys, Jenny exclaimed, "Mommy!
They turned you into a boy!" Jenny has developed _________,
but she has not yet mastered _________. 12. According to Freud’s theory, aggressiveness develops because: 13. According to social-learning theory, which of the following
is NOT a characteristic that increases the likelihood that a child
will imitate a model? 14. Studies of factors important in mate selection have found that: 15. Which of the following is TRUE about gender differences in
math computation? 16. Sandy is biologically female, identifies herself as female,
and displays many masculine and many feminine traits and characteristics.
Sandy has: 17. Which of the following theorists argues that gender differences
in behavior and roles will only be eliminated when parenting becomes
more egalitarian (shared equally between mothers and fathers)? 18. Atkinson & Feather suggest that achievement motivation
must be evaluated using measure of both: 19. Which of the following is/are TRUE according to social-learning
theory? 20. Studies looking at the accuracy of women and men in aiming
at a target show that: 21. Which of the following correctly describes beliefs of theorists
from the Symbolic Interactionism perspective? 22. Studies of visual spatial abilities show that: 23. Benbow & Stanley suggest that it is androgen exposure during
brain development that causes the gender difference in math abilities.
Which of the following provides the strongest support for their
biological explanation? 24. In their assessments of moral development of women and men: 25. Which of the following research findings would be predicted
by the sociobiological approach to the study of gender differences
in behavior? 26. According to Freudian Psychoanalytic Theory: 27. According to cognitive-developmental theory, when children
can label themselves by sex/gender: 28. Dr. Smith has just completed a study of the relationship between
gender and math ability. She found that there were no significant
differences between men and women on any of the measures of math
ability that she used. Dr. Smith is a little disappointed, because
she knows that the lack of statistically significant differences
make it less likely that her study will be published because of: 29. Chodorow’s psychoanalytic theory: 30. Which of the following theories supports the idea that the
culture in which a child is raised has a major effect on their gender-identity
development? 31. If an individual has an XX sex-chromosome complement and is
exposed to very high levels of androgen during development, the
individual will have: 32. Research on friendships has found that: 33. When children are asked to estimate how well they will do in
performing a task: 34. Recent data indicate that fear of success: 35. Which of the following is/are TRUE? (Think about the
oohs and ahhs measure of nurturance covered in lecture!) 36. When McClelland used TAT tests to assess achievement motivation,
he found that: 37. Which of the following is FALSE according to Freud’s psychoanalytic
theory? 38. In general, when men fail at a task: Short Answer: Answer these questions carefully and concisely. If you include information beyond that required to answer the question AND the extra information is incorrect, you will have points deducted from the score for that question. 1. Gilligan's work on moral development identified 3 stages of moral development. What are these 3 stages? Be sure to put them in the correct order. Define each stage by noting the concerns of people in each stage. (6 points)
2. Casey measured the relationship between handedness and "perceive parental permissiveness toward cross-sex behaviors" on the number of masculine and feminine traits that women reported on the Bem Sex Role Inventory. Answer each of the following questions about that study and it's findings: 2A. What was "handedness" intended to be an indicator of? (2 points)
2B. Ignoring "perceived parental permissiveness," did left-handed women (or those with left-handed immediate family members) significantly differ from right-handed women in the relative number of masculine to feminine traits and characteristics they endorsed on the inventory? If yes, in what way? (2 points)
2C. Ignoring handedness, did women who recalled their parents having been permissive of cross-sex behaviors significantly differ from women who said their parents would not allow cross-sex behaviors in the relative number of masculine to feminine traits and characteristics they endorsed on the inventory? If yes, in what way? (2 points)
Short Answer: 1.
2A. Handedness is used as a measure of androgen exposure during brain development. 2B. There is no effect of handedness alone. 2C. Yes, women who perceived their parents to be more permissive of cross-sex behavior endorsed a greater proportion (more) masculine traits than women who did not perceive their parents to be permissive. Click here for a WORD version of this exam.
2. The difference between the average life expectancy of men and the average life expectancy of women is now the largest it's ever been. 3. Gilligan argued that women's morality is based on an ethic of responsibilities while men's morality is based on an ethic of rights. 4. Naturalistic observation of the relationship between gender and behavior can determine whether or not gender actually causes the difference in behavior. 5. A number of studies have shown that the healthiest women and men are those who possess the roles of spouse AND parent AND worker. 6. Following the death of a spouse, men face greater adjustment problems soon after the loss while women tend to have more problems longer after their spouse's death. 7. Both Wolffian and Mullerian ducts are found in all normally developing embryos regardless of their sex chromosome complement. 8. All studies conducted on fear of success show that women display more fear of success than men regardless of the testing conditions.
10. As Tannen's videos clearly show, girls (women) rarely look directly at each other when speaking so that they don't appear threatening to the other person. 11. Gorski has shown that the sex difference in the size of the Sexually Dimorphic Nucleus (SDN) of rats is due to higher levels of androgens in males during brain development. 12. A person's gender role identity is the composite of feminine and masculine traits, behaviors or characteristics the person displays. 13. Girls tend to score higher than boys on tests of verbal abilities at all ages studied. 14. If the task assigned to a mixed-sex group is gender neutral (e.g., deciding how to spend $10,000 on entertainment), women and men are equally likely to emerge as the leader of the group. 15. Women report spending more days in bed due to illness than men. Multiple Choice. 16. Studies of the division of labor within the home show that: 17. Which of the following statements is NOT consistent
with Chodorow’s psychoanalytic theory? 18. Women are more likely than men to die from: 19. Laboratory studies of communication in mixed-sex groups have
shown that: 20. A person with very few, if any, masculine traits, behaviors
and characteristics and very few, if any, feminine traits, behaviors,
and characteristics is: 21. When being observed by a woman (attitude toward aggressiveness
unspecified) during a laboratory study of aggressiveness, men: 22. Left-handed women:
23. In __________ groups, the communication styles of both women
and men are even more sex stereotypical than they are in ___________
groups. 24. Which of the following correctly account(s) for the changes
in life expectancy and the gender difference in mortality (death)
over time? 25. Jen goes home for winter break and tells her very traditional
mom all about what she learned this quarter in Psychology of Gender.
When she tells her mom about studies suggesting little or no difference
between the genders, her mom responds by critiquing the studies.
But, when Jen tells her mom about research pointing to differences
between the genders, her mom agrees with them and says "I’ve
been saying that for years! Those researchers are brilliant."
What concept is demonstrated in this example? 26. Which of the following is FALSE according to research on friendships?
27. In laboratory studies of aggression (teacher-learner paradigm),
when subjects (teachers) are motivated by being told that the learner’s
performance reflects the subject’s intelligence: 28. During puberty: 29. Which of the following best describes the "women problem"
as it was reported in psychology textbooks for many years? 30. When discussing sex differences in brain structure, DeVries
& Boyle argued that such differences may play a role in: 31. Studies of gender and aggression indicate that: 32. If you wanted to predict the behavior or characteristics of
a given individual, which of the following would be most valuable
for you to know? 33. Gender differences in morbidity (illness) may be due to the
fact that: 34. In laboratory studies, when male or female subjects are aggressed
against for no reason: 35. Studies of the amount of time married women and men spend on
housework and childcare have found that: 36. According to Bem’s research, which of the following people
is/are most likely to have a strong gender schema? 37. In laboratory studies of aggression in which a male or a female
subject is asked to aggress against either a man or a woman: 38. Which of the following is/are TRUE regarding marital status
and seeking mental-health treatment? 39. ____________ is the perception of one’s gender as part of oneself. 40. Researchers from the sociobiological perspective would argue
that: 41. Studies of gender-differences in depression: 42. Which of the following is TRUE?
Match the following syndromes or conditions with the phrase below that provides the best description of the syndrome. Each syndrome/condition should be used only once.) BE SURE TO ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS ON YOUR MARK-SENSE FORM! A. YO B. XO C. AIS D. XYY (Supermale) E. Klinefelter Syndrome 43. _____ always dies before birth. 44. _____ has an XY sex chromosome complement with normal female external genitalia. 45. _____ is very tall with disproportionately long arms and legs. 46. _____ has average to above average intelligence but poor visual spatial skills
Match the following theoretical approaches to the phrases below. Each approach can only be used once. BE SURE TO ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS ON YOUR MARK-SENSE FORM! A. Freudian Psychoanalytic Theory 47. _____ During development, girls learn that the "self " and the "other" are similar, while boys learn that the "self" is distinctively different than the "other." 48. _____ Gender differential behaviors arise because boys and girls are rewarded (and punished) for different behaviors. 49. _____ Gender differences arise because women and men need to use different strategies to assure that their genes with continue into future generations.
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Last
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Contact the instructor at: nkenney@u.washington.edu
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