CRUSADES 1095-1291
"religious domestication" of knighthood: lay religious movement?
Background:
Church reformers' effort to create
religious role for nobility
and
to limit their warfaring activities
TRUCE OF GOD: limits warfare to 80 days per year
Church decree outlawing warfare on
certain days;
PEACE OF GOD:
associations formed by French Bishops
to keep peace;
forbid attacks on peasants & non-combatants
CRUSADES:
1090 Normans conquer Sicily from
Arabs with Papal support
Byz Emp Alexius Commenus asks West
for assistance against Turks
First Crusade 1095-1099
1095 Clermont Ferrand, France [See
Geary, 1st selection]
Pope Urban II preaches Crusade to
Frankish nobles:
"Deus
le vult" [God wills it]
Crusaders:
mainly Frankish knights, Normans from
Sicily; Italy less "feudal"
Papal plenary indulgence: granted
to all who undertake Crusade;
defined as "remission of temporal
punishment due to sin"
Peter the Hermit: leader of popular movement; Poor People's Crusade
Rhineland: Massacre of
Jews by Crusaders
first occurs Germany 1096 Speyer (13
dead), Worms (500+ dead)
estimated 4,000 - 8,000 Jews killed;
See Geary Reader
1099 conquest of Jerusalem,
massacre of Moslem population,
establishment of Crusader kingdoms
Second Crusade: 1147-49
includes opening of western front
against Islam;
beginning of the Spanish reconquista
or reconquest
of southern Spain from Moslems, completed
in 1492
Third Crusade 1190-93
Saladin, ruler of Egypt & Syria, versus
the "three kings" of third
crusade:
Emperor Frederick Barbarossa of Germany
(drowned)
King Philip Augustus of France --
went home after quarrel with
King Richard the Lion Hearted of England
Fourth Crusade 1201-4
predominantly Italian expedition;
organized by Innocent III &
Venetian Doge Enrico Dandolo: wants
Dalmatian coastal port of Zara
1204 Constantinople taken, looted:
Greek bronze horses