GREGORIAN REFORM & INVESTITURE CONTROVERSY

I. Carolingian model of Church in world
    post Carolingian dynasties: election versus inheritance
    Ottonian Saxon dynasty: German third of Empire
     911 Election of Henry I as Duke of Saxony
          defends eastern portion of Empire against Magyars
     Otto I, son of Henry, inherits throne 936-973
          951 invades Italy: King of the Lombards, converts Slavs
          962 crowned Emperor, claims Lothar's "middle kingdom"
                  and eastern third of Carolingian Empire (Germany)

II. Problems of corruption in Church

     Financial: SIMONY = buying & selling of church offices
     Moral: concubinage, clerical marriage (1123 declared invalid)
          control of lay marriage (prohibition within degrees of kinship)
     Church as part of feudal order: close ties between church & state
          Bishops as feudal nobility: church lands held as benefices
          10th C. Milan: Archbishop Landulph: church lands enfeoffed
               to political supporters

11th C. Schism: Popes versus Anti-Popes
     1032 Benedict IX, Roman noble, deposed by Roman mob
     1044 Sylvester III elected by people of Rome, sells office to
     1045 Gregory VI, reformer who purchases the office to reform it
Imperial intervention in conflict
     Emperor Henry III (1039-1056)
          1046 calls Synod at Pavia , deposes all 3 Popes, chooses
     Pope Leo IX (1049-1054)
          symbol of moderate reform movement, allied with Emperor
          campagins against simony, clerical marriage

III. Papal Reform Movement: more radical elements emerge
      Peter Damiani: "hermit monasticism" alternative to corrupt abbeys
          1049 made Cardinal by Pope Leo IX, reform of Church hierarchy
      1059 Papal Election Reform decree (Pope Nicholas II)
          election to be independent of all secular powers
                (i.e. Emperor, Roman nobles, Roman people)
           selection of Pope limited to College of Cardinals

     POPE GREGORY VII (1073-1085): founder of "Gregorian reform"
          Hildebrand, former monk, radical reformer becomes Pope

IV. INVESTITURE CONTROVERSY
          issue is separation between church & secular authority
          starts with controversy over Archbishop of Milan
     1071 EMPEROR HENRY IV
          picks noble, non-reformer as Archbishop of Milan
          riots by PATARENES ("ragpickers"): support Papacy
               lay urban religious reform movement in northern Italy
               opposed to power of feudal nobility & Bishops
          Papal-Imperial conflict intersects with social tensions in cities
     1075 GREGORY VII:
          ban on LAY INVESTITURE, ceremony in Empire
          Emperor "invests" Bishop with symbols of office (staff, ring)
     HENRY IV protests:
                 assertion of sovereign role in Church  on the Carolingian model    
          excommunicated, deposed by Gregory; loses support in Germany
     1077 CANOSSA:
          Emperor seeks forgiveness of Pope, penitent "barefoot in snow" 
          becomes symbol of submission of Empire to Church,
          high point of Papal authority over state (but brief)
Aftermath:
      1080 Henry returns to Italy with army, drives Pope from Rome
               Gregory VII flees to allies in Norman Sicily, dies in exile 1085
       PAPAL NORMAN ALLIANCE:
               aimed against Empire, leads directly to
       1095 CRUSADE:
                URBAN II rallies Franks & Normans against Islam
                    no Kings or Emperor on this Crusade; Pope as leader
1122 CONCORDAT OF WORMS
           settlement of Investiture Controversy between Papacy & Empire