URBAN SOCIETY & RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS 12TH - 13TH            

I. Economic & Social Background  Population rise, immigration to cities
   Rise of urban commercial economy based on money
      l) clerical denunciation of commercial wealth & avaric
      2) Gratian's Decretum 12th C. compilation of canon law (church law)
         commercial wealth as unnatural, corrupting, morally dubious
      3) anti-Semitism: hostility to Jews as moneylenders
         prohibition on Christian usury (lending money at interest)       

Religious Rejection of Urban Wealth
      Patarenes -- urban religious movement in Milan 11-12th C.;
         riot in 1072 against Emperor's choice of noble Archbishop
      Humiliati 1170-1220 ("humbled ones")-- lay religious movement
           social basis: artisans & textile workers;  
           religious brotherhood serves   functions of guild;
           symbol = lamb of God (wool = major textile)

II. Rise of Heretical Movements -- Themes: poverty & preaching

    CATHARS: "Medieval Manicheans"; appear in France around 1140
      dualists, believe in separate powers of good God vs evil God;
      physical world as creation of the evil God;  center in
      southern French town of Albi (source of term Albigensianism)
    Organization: perfecti – “perfect ones,” goodmen; abstain
      from sex and meat (products of copulation to be avoided);
      "anti-Church" -- separate organizational structure, Bishops

    ALBIGENSIAN CRUSADE 1209-1229 against Cathar heretics
      led by French king against southern French Cathar nobility

    WALDENSIANS: less clearly heretical movement than Cathars    
      Founder Peter Waldo (Valdes) rich merchant from Lyons
            famine of 1176: sells everything, gives to poor
      Movement based on evangelical poverty & preaching, critique
            of clerical wealth leads to anti-clerical attitudes

III. Orthodox Response: MENDICANT ORDERS (mendicare = to beg)

     DOMINICANS: founder St. Dominic (1170-1222) works against Cathars in
        southern France; goes on foot to show evangelical poverty
       1215 sent on mission to preach to Cathars by Bishop of Toulouse 
       1216 Order of Preachers (O.P.) approved by Pope
          members required to study theology at university
     INQUISITION (Medieval or Episcopal Inquisition)
       1215 Lateran Council urges local heresy investigations
       1233 task of suppressing heresy assigned to mendicant orders
       1251 Innocent IV Ad extirpanda authority of Inquisition extended

     FRANCISCANS: Francis of Assisi (1182-1226) personal religious crisis
                    rejects wealth of cloth merchant father
        1210 Order of Friars Minor (O.F.M.) approved by Innocent III
        1219-20 Francis travels to Egypt & Holy Land to convert Moslems
        1221 Second Rule: forbids brothers even to touch money
        1226 Francis' Testament: warns against compromise on poverty
                 Split between Spiritual Franciscans (strict view on poverty)
                 & Conventual Franciscans (willing to live in convents)
        St. Bonaventure General of Order 1257-1274 Conventual, writes
            "official" biography of Francis, earlier ones suppressed

MEDIEVAL SCHOLASTICISM:
         "rational study of religion" urban universities 12-l3th C
          effort to reconcile faith and reason (Aristotle)
     Peter Abelard (d. 1142), Sic et Non (Yes and No)
          early university teacher; famous affair with Heloise
      History of My Calamaties:
                story of his castration by Heloise's uncle
     Thomas Aquinas, O.P. (1224-1270)
                Summa Theologica     summary of all theology

      Principles of scholastic argument: quaestio (question)
            syllogistic reasoning, structured proofs and argument,
            syllogism: Major premise: All men are rational
                             Minor premis:  Socrates is a man
                             Conclusion:     Therefore, Socrates is rational.
            e.g. Anselm's ontological proof for existence of God
                        God is that being greater than which nothing
                        can be imagined; it is better to exist than not to exist;
                        therefore the greatest being must exist.

Medieval scholastic curriculum of seven liberal arts:
            trivium: (basic study of language and speaking)
                        grammar, rhetoric, logic
                        ( includes dialectics, the science of argument)
            quadrivium:    arithmetic, astronomy, geometry, music
                         (= natural philosophy)  
           
University degrees (Doctorates): theology, law, medicine

Purpose of knowledge in scholasticism:
       1) abstract, rational intellectual truth about God,
                  creation (mankind as part of creation), Redemption
       2) encyclopedic approach to knowledge sub specie eternitatis
            truth is ahistorical, beyond time ("under the eye of eternity")
            eg Aquinas: summa of all knowledge about God, man, creation