ITALY: EMPIRE AND PAPACY IN 12-13th C.                    

I. EMPEROR FREDERICK BARBAROSSA 1152-1190
      first Emperor of Hohenstaufen dynasty; crowned 1155;
      attempts reassertion of Imperial claims over Italy

  1158 RONCAGLIA DIET OF EMPIRE proclaims himself absolute ruler,
       heir to Roman Empire & sovereign under Roman Law; reclaims
       "regalian rights" usurped by northern city states (communes)

  LOMBARD LEAGUE: federation of 18 cities of northern Italy
       1176 BATTLE OF LEGNANO: military victory of communes
       1183 PEACE OF CONSTANCE: communal autonomy "granted"
       Communal rights: elect consuls; make laws
                govern countryside (contado)
       Obligations: oath of loyalty to Emperor
              payment of tribute on coronation of Emperor

Frederick I marries Norman princess Constance of Sicily
            drowns on Third Crusade 1189-93; heir
Frederick II, 3 yrs old at Frederick's death in 1190

II. POPE INNOCENT III 1198-1218
        strong proponent of theory of papal monarchy (cf Canossa)
1215 LATERAN COUNCIL called by Innocent to impose church
       reforms (eg requirement of annual confession & communion;
       authorization of Bishops to appoint Inquisitors against heresy)

EMPIRE: succession struggle; Hohenstaufen heir still infant
        WELFS rival dynasty seek support from Papacy, England

III. EMPEROR FREDERICK II THE GREAT (1187-1250, Crowned 1220)
    “Stupor mundi”: the wonder of the world

   Italian ambitions: Frederick prefers Sicily to Germany;
     revenue from Germany finances military activity in Italy
     goal: suppress communal autonomy granted by Peace of Constance
       demands total surrender of Lombard League cities

   Pope Gregory IX (1117-41) urges Crusade to Jerusalem,
        attempts conquest of Sicily; defeated by Frederick

   1239 Frederick excommunicated by Pope & Church Council: 

   1243 Pope Innocent lV launches Crusade against Frederick

   1250 death of Frederick: myth of "sleeping Emperor"

IV. Italy: Internal factions in communes seek opposed external allies
      GHIBELLINES (party of the Empire) versus
      GUELFS (party of papacy) depict Frederick as Anti-Christ

      MANFRED, SON OF FREDERlCK II continues father's war in Italy
      supported by Ghibelline party in some cities

      1266 BATTLE OF BENEVENTO defeat of Manfred
           by Charles of Anjou (called in by Papacy)
      end of Hohenstaufen rule in Italy; defeat of Ghibellines

   1266-1435 ANGEVlN (French) Kingdom in Naples;
                     part of Guelf alliance