LATE MEDIEVAL PAPACY   [see Text Ch. 10]

I. AVIGNON PAPACY (BABYLONIAN CAPTIVITY)  (1305-1377)

Origin: conflict between Pope and French King Philip IV
       over whether King has right to tax French clergy & limit
       judicial appeals to Rome (cf Thomas Becket vs Henry II)
    Pope Boniface VIII's declaration of papal supremacy 
    1302 Unam Sanctam: papal bull declaring it necessay
         for salvation to be subject to Roman pontiff
         (cf Gregory VII during Investiture Controversy)
    Result: French troops arrest Boniface (d. 1305) in Italy
           new papal election controlled by French King
        Clement V (French) elected 1305, moves to Avignon

    Avignon Papacy: Pope in southern France 1305-1377
        Financial corruption during Avignon period:
         expectancies, annates, tithes, sale of indulgences

II. GREAT SCHISM (1378-1417)
             period following Avignon Papacy
             first two (Roman & French Popes); then three Popes (Pisan)
             effort to solve the Great Schism leads to:

III. CONCILIAR MOVEMENT (1409-1438) and CONCILIARISM

      CONCILIARISM:
      alternative theory of church government; holds that
      highest authority in church is council of bishops;
      rejects traditional Papal claims of supreme authority:
         spiritual (Matt. 16 "Thou art Peter...upon this rock")
         temporal -- Donation of Constantine (AD 313)]

      Radical conciliarist
       John Wyclif (1328-1384) On the Power of the Pope 1379
         translator of English Bible, founder of Lollard heresy
         Scripture in vernacular, anti-clerical, anti-papal
      Moderate conciliarists: dominant group at Pisa, Constance
        
      Church Councils
        Council of Pisa, 1409: elects Alexander V (3rd pope)
        Council of Constance, 1414-1417 decrees [Text, p 397] 
             1415 Sacrosancta -- on authority of councils
             1417 Frequens -- on frequent council meetings
                 condemnations of heresy agst John Hus, Wyclif
                 election of new Pope Martin V (Colonna)
        Councils of Basel 1431, Ferrara & Florence 1438
             1438: Patriarch of Constantinople & Emperor John Paleologus
                        attend Council to ask for help against Ottoman Turks
         (then no more councils until Trent 1543)
    Pope Pius II: reassertion of power of papacy
      Aeneas Sylvius Piccolomini humanist, former conciliarist
             now says:  “Forget Aeneas, follow Pius.”
      Execrabilis (1460) papal bull upholding papal monarchy
                  condemnation of conciliar theory as heresy [Text, p. 398]  
          
V. TREND TO NATIONAL CHURCHES
   France,  1438 Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges
      assertion of "Gallican liberties" of French church
   Bohemia, John Hus
      executed for heresy by Council of Constance
      Hussite followers start Utraquist Church (1431-1620)