HAPSBURG-VALOIS
WARS to PEACE OF AUGSBURG
French
(Valois) Invasions of Italy (1494,1499)
1515 Francis I: victory at Marignano, occupation of Milan
1519 Imperial election candidates:
Charles I of Spain (Emp Chas V Hapsbg)
King Francis I of France
Elector Frederick the Wise of Saxony (Luther’s protector)
1522-4
struggle for Milan, Italy between France & Empire
1525 BATTLE OF PAVIA: Imperial victory, Francis prisoner
1526 TREATY OF MADRID: Francis marries Charles sister
Francis renounces claims to Burgundy, Netherlands,Italy
Charles turns attention back to Germany; Diet of Speyer
1526
LEAGUE OF COGNAC: broad alliance against Charles V by
France, Papacy, Italians (Milan, Florence, Venice)
1527 SACK OF ROME: by German Imperial troops (many are Lutheran)
Pope Clement VII (Medici) prisoner in Castel Sant'Angelo
1529 PEACE OF CAMBRAI: Charles renounces claim to Burgundy
Francis renounces claims to Flanders & Italy
1529 PEACE OF BARCELONA: Hapsburg claim to Naples confirmed by Pope
Origin of the term "Protestant":
1526
Diet of Speyer: called in aftermath of Peasants' Revolt of 1525,
but
adjourned, Charles distracted by Turkish threat in Eastern Europe
Recess of Diet of Speyer: principle of territorial control of
religion established temporarily (until Council)
** Cuius regio eius religio (whose the reign, his the religion)
1526
Battle of Mohacs; 1527 Sack of Rome
Charles' position strengthened by these victories
1529
Diet of Speyer reconvened: Charles demands revocation of
Recess of 1526 & suppression of Lutheranism
** "Protest" of Lutheran states = derivation of term Protestant
1530 Charles crowned Holy Roman Emporer by Pope Clement VII in Bologna
POLITICAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE GERMAN REFORMATION
1530
Diet of Augsburg: final effort to reach doctrinal settlement
Augsburg Confession presented by Melanchthon:
conciliatory version of Lutheran position
1531
Schmalkaldic League:
alliance of Protestant princes and cities against Catholics
grows in strength throughout the 1530's; leader - Philip of Hesse
1533
Marriage alliance between Pope and Francis I:
Pope's niece, Catherine de Medici + Henry II, French heir
1536 Charles faces coalition of Francis I, German princes & Turks
1540
Bigamy of Phillip of Hesse:
threat of deprivation of throne by Charles V results in
temporary defeat for Protestant Schmalkaldic League
Charles's
big break:
1545 Council of Trent: Church Council called to
condemn Lutheransim & to reform Catholic Church
1546 Death of Luther
1547 Death of Francis I
1546-7 Outbreak of Religious / Political War in Germany
1547
Battle of Muhlberg: defeat of Schmalkaldic League by Charles
victory of Catholic forces practically assured, until Papal
withdrawal of forces and defection of Maurice of Saxony
1550
Maurice of Saxony switches from Charles to Protestant side
alliance with Henry II, now King of France
attacks Charles by surprise, captures his army
1552 Peace of Passau: Charles V surrenders on Lutheran issue
**
1555 Diet of Augsburg: final settlement of the German Reformation **
1) Cuius regio eius religio (whose the reign, his the religion)
basic principle of political/religious sttlment in Germany
2) church lands seized before 1552 are to remain Lutheran, but:
3) ecclesiastical reservation: if any ecclesiastical prince
(i.e. Archbishop, Bishop or Abbot) converts to Lutheranism
after 1552, his title, land & privileges are forfeited
1556
Charles abdicates, retires to monastery, divides Empire between brother
Ferdinand (Austria HRE) &
son Phillip (Spain & New World)
1559 Peace of Cateau-Cambresis: treaty formally ending Hapsburg-Valois Wars
30
YEARS WAR (16l8-1648): unresolved issues from 1555 lead to war
last of the post-Reformation “wars of religion”
Bohemian Hussite (Utraquist) Church suppressed by Hapsburg Emperor
1618 revolt of Bohemia agst Emp.
German Protestant Princes ally with Bohemia against Empeeor
Catholic France enters on side of German Protestants (H-V echo)
shows rise of political motives over religious ones
in warfare
1648 Peace of Westphalia