SPANISH WITCH TRIALS
16TH C. Trials:
1490-1526 Scattered cases (Basque country, Pyrenees)
1526: Navarre Last execution for w/c before 1610 cases
in Logrono
Inquisitorial
conference in
1530: Circular letter on restraint in witchcraft trials
16th century conflict between Inquisition and Secular courts
Early cases
in 1490s and early 16th c (1507-1517, 1526) concentrated in Basque
country and
Secular courts push for harsher treatment of witches (cf.
some favor leniency, other severity through 16th c, but leniency
prevails.
1526=last
executions for witchcraft before 1610.
of learned lawyers and theologians summoned by Inquisition to
Conclude that existence of witch sect is dubious, require proof of guilt for
executions—this keeps lid on witch cases 16th C.
1530 circular letter calling for restraint
in witchcraft cases. (similar
to 1620’s provisions in
By 1500’s
Inquisition has consolidated its control over witchcraft: majority of cases
given light punishments
or acquittals. There are even records of cases in which Inquisition tried to
move an accused witch from a village where
they were known as witches to another to mitigate effects of reputation and
to “rehabilitate” the witch.
Spanish Inquisition Procedures
VISITATION: yearly, 4 month trips;
each town visited at 10 year intervals
EDICT OF FAITH: list of all
heresies read in church
ANATHEMA against all who do not denounce
heretics
AUTO DA FÉ (Act of Faith): public ceremony
reconciling penitent heretics, executing others
SAMBENITO: penitential garment worn in auto da fe,
then hung permanently in church with names
Edict of
Faith: part of ordinary Inquisitorial procedure in
VISITATIONS—in which Inquisitors travel every year to one part of country, four
month trip from town to town.
Intermittent
form of social control (not as effective as Italian system)
On arrival
publish EDICT OF FAITH: Inquisitorial questionnaire which lists every imaginable
form of heresy on eight printed pages
—read aloud in every Church in area, attendance compulsory.
At Mass,
whole congregation takes oath of loyalty to Inquisition, swear to expose heretics,
then Edict is read—takes at least
one half-hour, listing heresies and symptoms (and teaching them)
All present
required under pain of excommunication to make secret denunciation to Inquisition
within 6 days.
Sermon follows emphasizing duty to denounce, stressing leniency of Inquisition
towards those who confess voluntarily.
Next Sunday ANATHAMEMA read—excommunicating those who had not complied
with duty to
denounce themselves or others.
Read text in Henningsen pp. 100-101
Denunciations entered in Inquisitors libro di visita serious cases referred back to central court for investigation, after witnesses interrogated on spot.
Other duty
of Inquisitor=to ensure that SAMBENITOS (penitential garments) of those previously
convicted of heresy are still hanging with labels in
parish church. (must be replaced if dilapidated—many are over 100 years old,
back to 1500)=reminder in every church in
against faith and permanent disgrace to descendants.
Striking fact is that all this control yields few trials.
Explanation
1.
sporadic arrival of Inquisitor, unlike Roman Inquisition
which is in place.
2.
e.g. of priest in Galicia, cited by Henry Kamen Spanish Inquisition, p167,
urges parishioners
“not to go telling things about each other or meddle in things touching the
Holy Office (or Inquisition).”
French connection
to Spanish witch trials.
Pierre de Lancre—French judge from
(no appeal to parlement of
1609-1610
Conducts series of witch trials in Labourd, France
1612
Tableau de l’inconstance des mauvais anges et demons—draws on his experience as witch hunter
typical French secular judge/witch hunter
Attitude
to Basques is negative, hostile: this is an element in the intensity of the
witch hunt—
“neither French nor Spanish,” wishes to purge the unreliable Basques of their
evil ways,
incorporate them into
Image of
Witchcraft: -hierarchical,
ceremonial image of Sabbath;
-children
give extensive evidence, many priests implicated
-area
is intensely religious which affects the high level of religiosity.
1609-1610—approximately
600 people tried by de Lancre=MASS PANIC
80-100
executions; many people flee across border into Spain,
Spanish Basque regions begin to panic, local authorities initiate witch trials,
Spanish Inquisition sends in special representative.
OUTLINE:
NAVARRE TRIALS (1609-1614)
The French Connection:
Pierre de Lancre's trials in
1609-1610: 600 trials, 100 executions
LOGROÑO
denunciations
against French Basques fleeing de Lancre
1610 AUTO DA FÉ 31 accused witches, 11 burned
20
recant (penance: sambenito)
1611 SUPREMA: central council of
Spanish Inquisition
sends FRA ALONSO SALAZAR to proclaim an
EDICT OF GRACE: 5,000 accusations of witchcraft against others
plus almost 2,000 self-accusations of w/c, most
from children -
1,802 w/c confessions,
including 1400 children ages 7-14
1613 Debate within Suprema: Salazar as skeptic vs.
Hard-liners
(Alonso Beccera and Juan de Valle)
1614: Suprema instructions on witchcraft:
victory for skeptic Salazar:
"There were neither witches nor bewitched
until they were written and talked about."
LOGROÑO—Spanish city south of
Initial denunciations come from a French young servant girl who had been in
claimed to have been at the Sabbath and seen many people there, starts naming
names. Local official 1609,
“These witches who have fled from
Local people
suspicious of the French Basques who are pouring into their region=situation
of great instability, directly
related to the French events: older people do not even know what the Sabbath
is; traditional ideas of witchcraft limited
to maleficium; new idea spread by refugees from deLancre and by sermons
of local priests.
Spanish
Inquisition alarmed, sends out preachers to combat this “sect of witches”—sermons,
Edicts read in churches, public recantations all spread the witch panic.
Chronology of events—
1609 Spanish
Inquisition begins investigation into witchcraft in Navarre, extreme local hostility
to suspected witches,
who are in danger of being lynched—many attacked with stones, houses burned
down; vigilante action demands intervention
of authorities, who are however cautious. Last Spanish execution
for witchcraft in 1526, no real witch panic except this one.
Gustav Henningsen, The Witches Advocate
Spread of witch panic—initial beliefs=maleficium
Basic pattern:
A. Indoctrination (recent)
B. Stereotyped dreams
C. Forced confessions—prison, torture
Edict of Grace plays into popular hysteria—accomplished sermons give her ideas, detail.
1610 AUTO DA FE in Logroño =ACT OF FAITH
-Characteristic
Spanish Institution, common during Spanish persecutions of heretics.
-Public
“act of faith” in which some people are reconciled to church, others are burned.
-This
one took two days: 31 accused witches, 11 burned, 20 recant (would have to wear
heretics robes);
other participants accused of other heresies.
1611 Temporary halt to proceedings because
of spreading accusations and panic.
Central
tribunal of Spanish Inquisition (SUPREMA) upset by severity of witch trials,
sends FRA ALONSO SALAZAR on a fact finding mission.
He
is given an Edict of Grace to take to the population—
Edict of Grace=traditional answer of Spanish Inquisition to mass outbreak
of heresy,
all those who report themselves within time limit set by edict would be promised
exemption |from confiscation of property.
During 1611,
Salazar travels throughout the Basque lands, with the Edict of Frace, taking
local depositions and denunciations
(no trials, has to report back to central Inquisition).
Salazar’s
findings— almost 7,000 total of persons named
1,802
confessions to witchcraft under Edict of Grace (1,384 from children 7-14 years
old)
5,000
accusations against persons who did not denounce themselves
1612—read from Salazar’s report
Evidence
covers 11,000 pages—processing it takes a year and a half back in
Note
slow process
1613—Suprema has to decide what to do with the 5,000 accused people—opinions divided.
Most striking part of Salazar’s position is refusal to accept confessions.
Becerra
and Valle’s comments—Becerra and Valle accept reality of Sabbath (aquelarre),
their position reinforced by fact that
confessions are in agreement with each other as well as with the major authorities
on demonology.
Read—Salazar’s critique
-possible explanation in Auto de fe, sermons, Edict of Faith which describes so many details, with beliefs.
Salazar
recommends all accused should be pardoned because innocent.
See Kors and Peters selection #39 (last page)
1614 all
cases dismissed. Following Salazar’s report, Suprema issues instructions on
witchcraft.
Salazar’s skepticism enshrined in Inquisitorial practice, caution and leniency
advised.
Victims of 1610 posthumously rehabilitated.
Witchcraft
still considered a crime, but new rules of evidence end up rejecting whole of
testimony as delusion—
almost impossible to get witchcraft accusations in
Replaced by trials for superstition, (like
Secular
courts continue to press for witch trials, and greater severity in punishment
of witches—
Inquisition responds with “Edict of Silence” when such accusations occur.
Lower courts press for trials, in some case bringing cases to court.
Salazar: “There were neither witches nor bewitched until they were written and
talked about.”
Direct intervention
of Suprema required to stop such cases, not always
successful.
eight witches burned at Pancorbo before Inquisition able to intervene on jurisdictional
grounds.
Report of Spanish Inquisitor Fra Alonso de Salazar to the Suprema of the Spanish Inquisition on the Logrono Witchcraft Cases (1612)
(excerpts; see also selection in Kors and Peters #39)
Salazar: My colleagues are wasting their time in maintaining that the more theoretical and complex aspects of this can be properly understood only by the witches, since in the event witchcraft has to be dealt with by judges who are not members of the sect….It is not very helpful to keep asserting that the Devil is capable of doing this or that….nor is it useful to keep saying that the learned doctors of the church state that the existence of witchcraft is certain. Nobody doubts this.
The real question is: are we to believe that witchcraft occurred in a given situation simply because of what the witches claim? NO. It is clear that the witches are not to be believed, and that the judges should not pass sentence on anyone, unless the case can be proven by external and objective evidence sufficient to convince everyone who hears it. And who can accept the following: that a person can frequently fly through the air and travel a hundred leagues in an hour; that a woman can get out through a space not big enough for a fly; that a person can make himself invisible; that he can be in a river or in the sea and not get wet; or that he can be in bed and at the sabbat at the same time; and that a witch can turn herself into the shape she fancies, be it housefly or raven? Indeed these claims go beyond all human reason and may even pass the limits of the powers permitted to the Devil by God.
Reply of Inquisitors Alonso de Becerra y Holquin and Juan de Valle Alvarado:
We marvel that he tries to insinuate that the majority of the witches’ confessions and everything else that emerges from the visitation are dreams and fantasies, for it is clear that the tricks, intrigues and contrivances of the Devil have been powerful and strong enough to blind the understanding of many people. All of this, naturally, has allowed the Devil better to protect his witches.
Reply of Salazar:
In order to resolve the contradictions which emerge from the confessions, my cholleagues divide the defendants into three categories: those of good, bad and indifferent confessions. We have, however, no method or rule which allows us to evaluate each confession other than the arbitrary one that my colleagues have used, and refer to in their report. Thus the note of ‘bad’ is given to some confessions which another judge might call good, and vice versa.
On the career of Salazar, see Gustav Henningsen, The Witches’ Advocate (1980)