Rise of the medieval Inquisition (continued from Week II)

1022 Orleans: first execution heretics in middle ages:
      trial held in royal court by King of France, Robert the Pious,
                  against Cathar Canons of cathedral in Orleans, France
      precedent setting penalty: burned to death

12TH C: CANON LAW: GRATIAN’S DECRETUM 1140
      draws on Roman Law to assert coercive power of state over heretics, property

1184 AD ABOLENDAM:  Papal Bull “for the abolition of heresy”
     defines spheres of church & state: both must cooperate in eliminating heresy;
     trials to be conducted by Bishops, in church courts; those who do not repent
     handed over to “secular arm” for punishment, which includes loss of lands, execution     

POPE INNOCENT III (1198-1226)
         concerned with continued spread of Catharism in southern France
          preaching tours by Cistercian monks to combat heresy by persuasion, fails

 1215 Fourth Lateran Council called by Innocent IIIl
        EASTER DUTY: all adults to confess sins, receive communion at least once a year
         HERESY: restatement of orthodox belief; listing of errors of Cathars

1224 Emperor Frederick II; accepts decrees of Lateran Council into Imperial legislation

1209-1229 ALBIGENSIAN CRUSADE
     war permits French Kings to take over southern France
     Crusaders come from north, burn heretics;
     no trials held despite church objections
     result is need for legal mechanisms to address heresy lawfully                                                                 

Inquisitors before the Inquisition: See Cohn, Chap. 3 for career of
1231-33 CONRAD OF MARBURG: r
        appointed as Inquisitor in city of Mainz, Worms, Marburg, Erfurt
        anti-Waldensian campaign; pioneer in use of Inquisitorial procedure
   1233 assassinated after denunciation of Count Henry of Sayn & other nobles
        denunciations under torture lead to extraction of confessions
            to demon worship by “Luciferians”; these are included in

1232 VOX IN RAMA:
Papal Bull issued by Pope Gregory IX: (see K&P)
              heretics as demon worshippers

1230’s Gregory IX as founder of medieval Inquisition
     makes prosecution of heresy special function of Dominicans;
     Bishop given authority to call in Dominicans as Inquisitors

Dominicans and Franciscans: mendicant orders
     main activity preaching & administering sacraments in cities;
     build churches in major cities during 13-14th centuries
     Dominicans: false etymology: Domini cani = hounds of the Lord

INQUISITORIAL PROCEDURES
     anonymous denunciations; no confrontation with accuser
     imprisonment during trial as pressure to confess
     penalties: penances, fasting, whipping, pilgrimages
                  san benito:  wearing of penitential garment with yellow cross
                  imprisonment, including life sentences
    unrepentant heretics are “relaxed” to the secular arm (governmentt)        

1252 AD EXTIRPANDA: papal bull (or decree)
     use of torture by Inquisition granted by Pope Innocent IV
     part of Roman inquisitorial procedure in cases of treason

Suggested reading:
     Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, Montaillou   study of Cathar village 14th C.
                     using surviving Inquisition trial records – very interesting
                     picture of life in a 14th C. village in Pyrennes