FROM DIRECTORY TO NAPOLEON

COUD D'ÉTAT OF FRUCTIDOR 1797: Army occupies Paris to prevent royalist takeover
            first free elections of French Revolution annulled

RISE OF NAPOLEON: 1796 Italian army creates Cisalpine Republic in Italy
        1797 Camp Formio: end of Venetian Republic:
                 Venice given to Austria in exchange for recognition of
                Napoleon's conquest of Belgium, left bank of Rhine, Italy
       
1798 invasion of Egypt

COUP D'ÉTAT OF 18 BRUMAIRE 1799
           
Abbé Sieyès, one of Directors, wants to strengthen executive power
            turns to Bonaparte, who carries out coup, calls for plebiscite to confirm
            new system of government

CONSULATE: Napoleon is one of three consuls; end of revolutionary democracy
          
1802 Napoleon declares himself "consul for life"
           1804 "the government of the Republic is entrusted to an Emperor"

Major domestic achievements:
            CONCORDAT WITH ROME 1802: Catholicism recognized as "religion of the
               majority of Frenchmen," but not established church; toleration retained
            NAPOLEONIC CODE: 1804 Civil Code; 1807 Code Napoleon finalized
                        culmination of project begun in 1792; early drafts liberal
                        after 1795, more conservative (parental & paternal authority)
                        = symbol of Enlightenment ideas of reform from top down

NAPOLEONIC WARS: see Palmer & Colton for Wars and settlement at
                CONGRESS OF VIENNA 1814-1815: principles
                        Legitimism: restore dynastic governments (rejection of nationalism)
                        Balance of power: treaty system and periodic congresses

EDMUND BURKE (1729-1797) (see also selected quotations posted with lecture notes )

Initial English Whig reaction to French Revoltuion = positive, because
              directed against tyranny and Catholicism, similar to l688.
              Burke writes to correct the English Whig view of French Revolution

Burke's political position within England
            Whig: devoted to principles of Revolution of 1688, but sees them as
                        fundamentally different from those of 1789
            Irish origin complicates his political/religion loyalties:
                        raised Anglican; father is Anglican lawyer (requirement for practice of law)
                        mother is Catholic; Burke has some sympathy with Catholic position