12TH C: CANON LAW:
GRATIAN’S DECRETUM 1140
draws on Roman Law to assert coercive power of state over heretics, property
1184 AD ABOLENDAM:
Papal Bull for abolition of
heresy
defines spheres of church & state:
both must cooperate in
eliminating heresy;
trials to be
conducted by Bishops, those who do not repent
are to be handed over to “secular arm” for
punishment, which
includes loss of lands,
POPE INNOCENT III
(1198-1226)
concerned with continued spread of
Catharism in France
preaching tours by
Cistercian monks to combat heresy by
persuasion,
fails
1215 Fourth Lateran
Council called by Innocent IIIl
EASTER DUTY: all adults
to confess sins, receive communion at least once a year
HERESY: restatement of
orthodox belief; listing of errors of Cathars
1209-1229
ALBIGENSIAN CRUSADE
war permits French Kings to take over southern France
Crusaders come from north, burn heretics without
trials held despite church objections
result is need for legal mechanisms to address heresy
lawfully
Inquisitors before
the Inquisition:
1231-33
CONRAD OF MARBURG:
See Cohn, Chap. 3 for his career
Inquisitor in city of Mainz, Worms,
Marburg, Erfurt
anti-Waldensian; pioneer in use of
Inquisitorial procedure
1233 assassinated after
denunciation of Count Henry of Sayn
denunciations under torture lead to
extraction of confessions
to demon
worship by “Luciferians”; these are included in
1232 VOX IN RAMA:Papal Bull issued by Pope
Gregory IX: (see K&P)
heretics
as demon worshippers
1230’s Gregory IX as
founder of medieval Inquisition
makes prosecution of heresy special function of
Dominicans;
Bishop given authority to call in Dominicans as
Inquisitors
Dominicans and
Franciscans: mendicant orders;
main activity preaching &
administering sacraments in cities
Dominicans: false etymology: Domini cani
= hounds of the Lord
1245-46 Toulouse (Cathars): 8,000-10,000 witnesses
INQUISITORIAL
PROCEDURES
period of grace for self
denunciations
anonymous denunciations; no confrontation with accuser
imprisonment during trial as pressure to confess
penalties: penances, fasting, whipping,
pilgrimages
san benito:
wearing of penitential garment with yellow cross
imprisonment, including life sentences
unrepentant heretics are “relaxed” to secular arm (government)
1252 AD EXTIRPANDA: papal bull
use of torture by Inquisition granted by Pope Innocent IV
part of Roman inquisitorial procedure in cases of treason
Suggested
reading:
Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, Montaillou
study of Cathar village 14th C.