BASIC CATEGORIES FOR STUDY OF WITCH BELIEFS
I. RELIGION VERSUS MAGIC
Emile Durkheim, Elementary Forms of the Religious
Life (1915)
religion as social:
organized around central events of human life,
birth, initiation rites, marriage, death
mediates human relationship to supernatural realm
Bruno Malinowski, Magic, Science and Religion (1925)
anthropologist in South Pacific,
religion as social, collective source of meaning
versus
magic as instrumental, limited, goal oriented
picks up where technology leaves off
“ritualization of man’s optimism”
II. WITCHCRAFT VERSUS SORCERY
British anthropologists in Africa:
source of term “witch doctors” : separate social group
repair witches’ damage
Evans Pritchard,
Witchcraft, Oracles & Magic Among Azande
1l933)
- witchcraft as innate, hereditary, malevolent
organic, confirmed by autopsy
- sorcery as acquired, learned skill
ambivalent: used for good or evil
III. RELIGION VERSUS SUPERSTITION
SUPERSTITION:
judgmental, negative term for beliefs
not approved of by mainstream religion
Latin: “super stare” = to stand outside of
Ancient Rome: refers to excessive fear of gods,
compulsive repetition of rituals
Christianity: refers to any practices (espec. magic)
outside or beyond approved rituals
Orthodoxy = correct doctrine or teaching
Orthopraxy = correct religious practice
Lucy
Mair, Witchcraft -- British anthropologist
(1969) survey of African witch beliefs
Why
should there be witches?
explanation for random misfortune and unmerited suffering
- rejection of coincidence, chance, randomness
lack of alternative techniques, espec. medical knowledge
small scale societies: "face to face" setting
What are witches like?
universal elements in image of the witch:
greed, hunger, sexual insatiability, perversion
witches as anti-social beings:
need to maintain standards of social behavior
public sanction against displays of hostility
inversion and perversion as witch characteristics
enemies of life and fertility
nightmare witch versus everyday witch
image of the limited good
How can society deal with witches in its midst?
1) witch detection: divination
2) combat against witches: counter-witches
Africa: category of “witch doctor” introduced by
British anthropologists
Europe: benandanti vs
malandanti
3) remedies against the effects of witchcraft
counter-magic; expulsion of witch;
in Europe, "final solution" = witch hunting
WITCHCRAFT AS A BELIEF SYSTEM
"CLASSIC" IMAGE OF EUROPEAN WITCH 15 - 17TH C.
SABBATH: devil worshippers meet, cannibalistic feast,
sexual orgy, compulsory intercourse with devil
Magical transportation to Sabbath: nightflying,
"shapeshifting" (witch turns
into animal)
DIABOLICAL PACT -- "selling soul" to devil
witches gain power to do harm (maleficium)
Evidence of witches' alliance with devil:
witches’ familiar -- animal pets (seen as demons)
witches' teat or tit -- for nursing/feeding her familiar
witches' mark -- left on body by devil as sign of pact