I. MEDIEVAL RELIGION & HERESIES

 MONASTICISM 529 Rule of St. Benedict; rural, agrarian

CITIES:  11th - 12th C. RISE OF MEDIEVAL TOWNS
Religious rejection of new commercial wealth

    1) Urban heretics: evangelical poverty
         WALDENSIANS – Peter Waldo, Lyons 
         CATHARS (or Albigensians) – dualists
                           “Medieval Manicheans”

      2) Mendicant Orders (Latin: mendicare = to beg):
           Themes: poverty, preaching, orthodoxy

            DOMINICANS (1216) Order of Preachers, O.P.
                        St. Dominic (1170-1222) early Inquisitor
            FRANCISCANS (1210) Order of Friars Minor, O.F.M.
                        St. Francis of Assisi (1182-1226)
                       (images by Giotto, 13th C. Italian painter)

Rise of medieval universities (Paris, Bologna)

II. SCHOLASTICISM: defined as "rational study of religion"

Recovery of Aristotle's writings (by 1260)
                     translated from Arabic to Latin
1) Synthesis of faith (Scripture) and reason (Aristotle)
                     Aristotle as "The Philosopher"
2) Techniques: Quaestio (Question); logical reasoning,
            use of Aristotelian concepts (substance, accident)
            example of doctrine of transubstantiation

Thomas Aquinas, O.P. (1224-1270) University of Paris
SUMMA THEOLOGICA (summary of theology)
includes discussion of demonology, pact

Scholastic categories:  Ontology--science of being
         Epistemology – study of ways of knowing
         Demonology: systematic account of the nature of demons

Scholastic Theory of Diabolical Pact:
                  contract with the devil, either:
           a) explicit -- selling soul, invocation of demon
           b) implicit -- any act of witchcraft or magic