HSTEU402             INSTRUCTIONS ON PAPERS: FORMAT FOR CITATIONS         

GENERAL FORMAT: Papers should be typed, double spaced; no plastic or cardboard covers, just a title page with your name, paper title, date, course

 The basic purpose of scholarly citations is that any reader should be able to track down your sources for direct quotes and for ideas or information taken from a specific source.  Complete citations are required for each primary source.  The general rule about citations is to follow a consistent format, including all relevant publication information.  You may follow any consistent format (historians use  Chicago Manual of Style, but other systems are also fine).

 Endnotes and footnotes differ only in where they are located; footnotes are at the foot of the page, while endnotes are at the end of the paper.  Either is fine, though endnotes are generally easier, unless your computer program makes footnotes just as easy.  Also, note that endnotes do not need to be on a separate page, so long as there is still room on your last page. 

 For this course, you can use  the following simplified format, where a complete citation is first given in a note, and later citations are indicated by page numbers in parentheses.

 For the first citation of a work, give the complete reference, either in a footnote (bottom of page)
or an endnote (at end of paper), using a numbered note, as follows:

1 Martin Luther, Freedom of a Christian, in Hans Hillerbrand (ed.), The Protestant Reformation (1968),  pp. ##.   Subsequent citations to this work will be indicated in parenthesis in the text.

If your essay draws on only one primary source, for subsequent quotes or citations, you can simply indicate page numbers in parentheses, as follows: (p. xxx)

If your essay draws on two or more sources, you must give a full citation (like the one given above) the first time you cite a second (or third) source, as follows: 

2    Erasmus, Discourse on Free Will,, in Ernst Winter (ed.), Erasmus Luther Debate on Free Will (1968) pp. ##.  Subsequent citations to this work will be indicated in parenthesis in the text.

When  sources are by different authors, you should use the  authors’ last names, plus page #:
Second and subsequent references to note #1 and #2 above:
  (Luther, p. 40)        or     (Erasmus, p. 30)

If however you are citing two or more works by one author, such as Luther, you should give a full
citation to start, then an indicate an abbreviation (for instance, Luther FC for Freedom of a Christian, or
 Luther BW for Bondage of the Will) as follows: :

3 Luther On the Bondage of the Will, in Ernst Winter (ed) Erasmus Luther Debate on Free Will (1968),    pp. xx  (Hereafter Luther, BW)

Subsequent citations to Footnote #1 above would be  (Luther, FC, p. x)       to #3  (Luther BW, p. 90)

DO  
Italicize or underline book titles, including abbreviated titles.
Put quotes that are four lines or longer in block quote format
     (single space the quote and indent both sides OR
      single space and use smaller font size)
Cite your sources, using footnotes/endnotes &/or parenthetical citations
     [(title of book, pg #) or (name of author, pg #)]    SEE ABOVE
Use first person plural (we) or third person (he/she/one).

DON’T
 use its’ :  no apostrophe on "its" when used as a possessive
      it's = it is     its = possessive     [its' doesn't exist]
use second person (you) or first person singular (I)
split infinitive verb forms-ex. "to quickly go" should be "to go quickly"