Water is arguably the source of life and in reality many in this world do not have access to clean water. Having clean water ensures that we lead healthy and sanitized lifestyles. Clean water, more importantly, is essential in our overall daily activities. These activities include using water for personal consumption, personal hygiene, household cleaning and cooking. Without clean water our overall quality of life would be dismal.

Unfortunately, clean water is not available to everyone. These cases commonly occur in many third world and developing countries.

Fortunately, there are many technologies that are available to improve the overall water quality for many individuals. These technologies often are low in cost and only require minimum maintenance. These simple technologies can be applied with minimal materials and proper information.

Earthbag is a method of construction using plastic or textile casings (earthbags) packed with soil, and sometimes sand, gravel and cementitious materials. It has grown in popularity as a natural alternative building method primarily in the United Sates. It can be used to construct foundations, walls, and domed structures. Earthbag is one of the most inexpensive building methods, and is very valuable to areas that are prone to flooding, hurricanes, wildfires or areas with no wood or clay. Earthbag construction technique requires few skills, and if faster than other earth building methods. Few tools other than a shovel is necessary those can usually can be hand made.
Architect Nader Khalili at Cal Earth in Hesperia has explored the use of earthbag construction both as residential houses and emergency shelters. Through his work and the work of students at the California Institute of Earth Art and Architecture, this technology is proven to be a viable solution for rebuilding communities after a war or major disaster.
Earthbag construction is a very promising option for the rebuild in the Aceh area. For both temporary and permanent solutions. Emergency shelters made from sandbags and barbwire can be constructed in a few hours and have been proven to last for three winters. As a permanent solution, earthbag dome structure could be built that would be covered in cement or lime plaster. In the Aceh region, all of the other materials except for the bags can be found locally.

emergency shelter

Two types of bags are available: Hessian (burlap) or polypropylene. The polypropylene bags are the only sutable for the area of Indonesia because of the high levels of sand in the soil. The weaker the fill material, the stonger the bag must be. If only dry sand is used as a fill, the bag must be made of a non-degradable material that is strong enough to with stand dead and live loads.

There are probably hundreds if not hundreds of thousands of tires that are amongst the debris from the tsunami. These tires which would normally be considered garbage could be used to create new homes. The U module is the most commonly and efficient shape for earth-rammed tire construction. U modules should not be created larger than 18 feet wide and 26 feet deep. Structures larger than this should be made form several modules or another design. Other designs using many different shapes have also been built to best adapt to the climate. Also earth-rammed tire walls should not exceed 10 feet because of their massiveness.

The automobile tires can be used as found. No modification to the tires is necessary.

Bamboo has rapidly become a popular building material, proving to be a much more sustainable alternative to wood, it is valued for its strength and lightness. In comparison to the rigidity of steel or concrete, bamboo's high flexibility is well suited for earthquake prone areas. In Indonesia, it has proved to sustain storm and earthquake damage, however, its strength can be compromised with contact with wet soil and termites. It is a relatively strong material with a hard, clean surface, and can be easily cut with simple tools. Bamboo growth is fairly rapid, and is found throughout this region, making it an inexpensive alternative to timber, and can also be grown as a crop plant. Although bamboo is abundant in Sumatra, it is less so in the Aceh Province.

Many different species of bamboo are available. From grass like species used for woven materials to bamboo poles that are 10 inches in diameter.

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• Orient house toward the prevailing wind and not the sun The wind will help cool the house by cross-ventilation.
  
• Shaded valley are generally much cooler and protected.
  
• Locating house under a grove of palms or overshaded by trees can induce ventilation. The trees should be permeable to wind the house level, prune the trees up if needed.
  
• Build on the highest ground if possible to help protect residence from tsunamis.
  
• Build on stable soil that will resist mudflow in heavy rain and liquefaction caused by earthquakes.
  

• Walls should be white or reflective, and shaded by wide eaves and palms or other trees.
  
• Wall materials should be light and permeable to wind if possible. Natural woven fibers or mosquito screens.
  
• Heat systems like cook stoves or hot water heaters should be detached from the main house as outdoor kitchens.
  
• Vertical louvres and window shutters should be used to allow for cross-ventilation.

earthbag variations

eco-dome

• Built from local earth-filled Superadobe coils (soil-cement or lime-stabilized earth).
  Tree free.
• Maximum use of space through alternative options.
  The main dome and four niches, depending on local code approval, can function as:
  a) main living room, entrance hall, kitchen, bathroom, bedroom (called "bed-womb" because of it's small, organic form!)
  b) living room, entrance hall, and three bed-rooms.
  c) living room, entrance hall, two bedrooms, and a bathroom.
• Self-contained single unit
• Can be repeated and joined together to form larger homes and courtyard houses.
• Can be built by a team of 3-5 persons.
• Designed with the sun, shade and wind in mind for passive cooling and heating.
• Wind-scoop can be combined with a rated furnace unit, depending on local code approval.
• Interior furniture can be built-in with same material.
  

earthbag foundation home

• Earthbag creates strong foundation that allows floodwaters to pass through. Also foundation would move like a boat during an earthquake and resist structural failure.
• Above living quarters could be created in a traditional manner.
• Bamboo and other materials could create the living quarters.
• Upper story could be modular and could be easily disassembled and reassembled.
• People could reuse the earthbag foundation like they traditionally used wooded stilts of traditional homes.
  

cool air from shadehouse and buried pipe.

A 0.5 x 0.5 m tunnel 1 m deep and 20 m long sloping to the outside intake to de-humidify and cool the air, with a solar chimney to draw air through the house. (Figure Source: Permaculter A Designer's Manual by Bill Mollison.)

Metal chimneys or a hot roof (a roof that is unventilated) are the best cooling systems in a tropical house. The metal chimneys or hot roof draws in cool air from underground pipes. Being underground the earth cools the air that is in the pipes. The air that is drawn in from the pipes is more dense so it naturally sinks to the lowest level of the house but a fan can move the cool air throughout the room of the house.

The cool air pipe needs to be buried at least 1 meter, and should be 15-20 meters long. The pipe should be laid at an angle that slopes away from the dwelling to allow for the condensation that develops to drain away from the house. The Outlets of the pipe should be covered with screen to keep animals out.

A shade house which is a trellis covered with vegetation can also be a good for creating cool air that could be utilized by creating vents in the exterior wall of the structure and at the eaves of the roof.