Vocabulary 2.1:
| MASCULINE NOUNS: |
FEMININE NOUNS: |
| Jānis, Jaānim |
John |
Anna, Annai |
Ann |
| zēns, zēnam |
boy |
meitene, meitenei |
girl |
| skolnieks, skolniekam |
boy student |
skolniece, skolniecei |
girl student |
| skolotājs, skolotājam |
male teacher |
skolotāja, skolotājai |
female teacher |
| PRONOUNS: |
| es |
I |
dat. man |
to/for me |
viņš |
he |
dat. viņam |
to/for him |
| tu |
you- one |
dat. tev |
to/for you |
viņa |
she |
dat. viņai |
to/for her |
| QUESTION INTRODUCERS: |
| kas? |
who? /what? (subject form) |
kam? |
to/for whom? (indirect object) |
| ko? |
whom?/what? (direct object) |
kur? |
where? (location) |
Vai – not translated; introduces yes/no – questions |
| VERBS: |
| būt: ir (bases es-), bija, būs |
I-irreg. |
lk. be |
| nebūt: nav (ne+es-) nebija, nebūs |
I-irreg. |
lk: not be |
| jautāt: jautā, jautāja, jautās |
II-ā |
tr/itr: ask (question) |
| atbildēt: atbild, atbildēja, atbildēs |
III-ē |
tr/itr: answer |
| sacīt: saka, sacīja, sacīs |
III-ī |
tr: say |
| darīt: dara, darīja, darīs |
III-ī |
tr: do |
| ADVERBS: |
| te – here |
šodien – today |
tāpat – likewise, in the same way |
| tagad – now |
vakar – yesterday |
arī – also, too |
| nu – now |
rīt – tomorrow |
atkal – again |
| tad – then |
varbūt – maybe |
vēl – in addition, more; else (w. qu. words) |
vairs – (not) any more (w. negatives) |
| FUNCTION WORDS: |
| un |
conj: and |
jā |
part: yes |
nu |
part: well (introductory) |
| bet |
conj: but |
nē |
part: no |
ne___, ne___ |
conj: neither ___ nor ___ |
| vai |
conj: or |
ne |
part: not |
Note: that vai and nu have two different functions. |
ABBREVIATIONS W. VERBS: lk. “link
ing”, tr: “transitive”, itr: “intransitive”.
OTHER ABBREVIATIONS: conj: “conjunction”, part: “particle”.
ADDITIONAL SIGNS: ^ “broken pitch”, e/ē “broad e/ē”; not used in the conventional spelling.
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