Morphology Announcements 2 pp. of Gleason article available What we have covered so far phonetics--value of phonetic alphabet Wha w wil cove next--phonology pattern o sounds incl distributio o sound i words Now--star o morphology structur o words rule b whic words are put together 1. Units that words put together from often called morphemes --example nee fo som uni o descriptio smalle tha word th negativ prefixe i English. first un- un- unclean unfaithful unkind unlawful uncertain unbalanced unhappy ungrateful unable unenamored uncivil unexcited word wit un- al shar particula elemen o meaning not no opposit o wor withou un- negativ meaning othe pair o words that are related in this way in English: positive-negative: in- non- impolite non-essential inexact non-existent insane non-formal indeterminate non-alligned inanimate non-tiring illegal non-stop incoherent non-person impure non-compliance immoral non-alliance insecure no- no-stick surface no-drip spout no-wax floor polish no-skid tires no-baste turkey no-win situation --morpheme: def. woul lik t b abl t hav wa t refe t part o word lik in- un- non- notice constan meanin associate wit relativel constan stretc o sound thi i def o morpheme minima stretc o sound associate wit give meaning --allomorphs. sometime morphem ha mor tha on form e.g. in- dif form o morphem ar calle allomorph o morpheme wil se late i phonolog tha allomorph o morphem ofte hav ver simple easil stated natura distribution negativ prefi in: il- ([Il]- or [I]-) before l-initial words: illiterate ir- ([Ir]- or [I]-) before r-initial words: irrational im- before p-, m-, b-initial words: impecabble immaculate imbalance in- ([In]- or [In]-) before k- or g-initial words inconsiderate ingratitude in- (always [In]) before all other sounds: indecent inexplicable insensitive inhospitable anothe example allomorph o indefinit articl morpheme vs a (mayb som dialect don' hav an?) a an spoon apple cat ant-eater human being eulogy (importanc o transcription distinguishin pseudo-vowel- initia word fro trul vowel-intial sometime word spelle vowel-initial take an in written styles) [an occur i nex wor i vowel-initial an uninspired lecture a lecture an imposing statue a statue a an ar allomorph o indefinit singula morpheme coun a sam thin ('morpheme' becaus the neve occu i th sam place thu morphem ca b a abstraction collectio o forms a i cas o a/an in/il/ir/im o simpl identica i shape to form that occurs, as in non-, un-. --morphemes can vary in size: single vowel or consonant: plural suffix -s, etc. possessive suffix -s indefinite morpheme several syllables sycamore hyacinth hamamelidanthemum thu n limi o siz o morpheme 2 Kind o morphemes--ofte usefu t distinguis differen kind o morphemes --free vs. bound free--ca occu a separat words examples i unhappy uncertain unclean unable etc happy certain clean abl ca b separat words a i happ day certai outcome etc. ar therefor fre morphemes bound--alway occu a par o som word example un- neve occur b itself *a u day *a u outcome als in- non- ar bound morphemes. kinds of bound morphemes: affixes lik in- un- mus b affixe o attache t something can distinguish dif. kinds of affixes: prefix--attache befor beginnin o anothe morpheme un- in- non- re- (rethink reanalyze) dis- (disinterested) en- (enchant embody) suffix--attac t en o morpheme -iz (encapsulize) -nes (happiness) -a (maniac maniacal) -y -is (thickish reddish) -les (breathless infix--no i English bu i man othe languages affi tha i inserte int anothe morpheme Bonto (Philippines infixin -um- afte firs consonan o roo produce dif i meaning derive verb .cp 3 fikas 'strong' fumikas 'to be strong' kilad 'red' kumilad 'to be red' fusul 'enemy' fumusul 'to be an enemy' pusi 'poor' pumusi 'to be poor' ngitad 'dark' ngumitad 'to be dark' usefu notion stem wha a affi attache t o in stem ca b boun o free mos ar free example o boun stems: berry words: cranberry huckleberry boysenberry gooseberry strawberry raspberry las par 'berry ha identifiabl meaning bu firs par o thes word doesn' mea anything o meanin i 'berry wor no relate t meanin o fre ste (straw goose) i firs par o thes word morpheme doe i hav clea meanin o it own well doesn' mea anythin o it own bu ha clea meanin i combinatio wit anothe morphem 'berry' notice cranberr -- cranapple show speaker associate cran- wit something bu cran- can' occu o it own s firs stem i th berr word ar morphemes bu ar bound--'boysen neve occur o it own o i combinatio wit othe morpheme except 'berry'. fo stems sometime har t tel i fre o boun morpheme i.e., whether separate word or part of some other word ho t tell sinc Englis i writte language use t seein space betwee word an no withi words s ten t decid o wor vs morphem statu b whethe o no space occu before afte morpheme no ver goo definition--won' wor fo mos languages othe criterio fo resolvin fre vs boun status: --pause typicall no inserte withi words bu betwee words: We'r goin t Hawai an ...uh som othe Pacifi Island this winter. *?We'r goin t En ..uhh. lan an Franc thi summer. --othe languages ofte deletio o sound i a indicatio tha tw o mor morpheme fuse togethe i on word Certai Navaj postposition ca b eithe boun o free-- variants of same expression, one with bound P, one with free P: baa jini,'a,\ to him he gave compact O 'he gave him a [compact O]' = baazhni,'a,\