1	Phyla Cnidaria and Ctenophora: An Overview
2	Cnidaria Diploblastic (blastula has endo- and ectoderm) Tissue-level organization True mouth (a.k.a. anus) “Naked” nerve nets- no CNS Unique presence of Nematocysts Planktonic or sessile
3	Ctenophora (Comb jellies) Weak swimmers- planktonic or benthic Statocyst present- organ determines orientation, contains statoliths and four groups of fused cilia Often source of nighttime multi-colored bioluminescence
4	Radiata Side by Side Comb Jellies Carnivorous Move by ctenes (fused cilia) Exclusively Aquatic, mostly marine If present; two tentacles, branched and extensile Tentacles solid w/ colloblasts Jellyfish, anemones, corals Mainly carnivorous Move by water propulsion Exclusively aquatic, mostly marine Tentacles unbranched, around mouths of polyps, margin of medusae Tentacles hollow w/ nematocysts
5	Cnidaria- Major Classes Hydrozoa (hydras and man-of-war) About 3100 species Most medusae with velum Many with small or absent medusa Polyps usually bud daughter polyps Medusae reproduce sexually Anthozoa (corals and anemones) About 6500 species No medusa stage Some hermaphroditic Thrive best in presence of symbionts- (usually heterotrophic dinomastigotes)
6	"Cubozoa" Cubozoa (Sea wasps) One or more tentacles at each of the four corners of their medusae Tropical and subtropical swimmers Nasty stingers Among most complex invertebrate eyes Alternation of generations Scyphozoa (“True” jellyfish) 200 species- all marine Thick mesoglea No vela Alternation of generations Medusae sexual, giving rise to polyps Polyps sessile and asexual, giving rise to ephyra
7	When is a jellyfish like a honey bee? Study sequenced mediterrean jellyfish, Rhopilema nomadica venom. Identifed unique mechanical process of venom translocation. Polypeptide lysis of cells Neurotoxic effects Affect neurotransmitters Striking similarity to Gila monster venom Nematocysts: More firearm than syringe?
8	Citations Kozloff, E. Seashore Life of the Northern Pacific Coast. 1993. Seattle: University of Washington Press. Lotan, A., L. Fishman, and E. Zlotkin. 1996. Toxin compartmentation and delivery in the cnidaria: The nematocyst’s tubule as a multiheaded poisonous arrow. Comparative Physiology and Biochemistry. 275:444-451. Margulis, L., and K. Schwartz. 1998. Five Kingdoms: An illustrated guide to the phyla of life on Earth. New York: Holt. University of California, Irvine. April 2, 2006. Cnidaria home page. http://tolweb.org/Cnidaria/2461/1997.04.24 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/ University of Ottawa. April 1, 2006. Cnidarian information page. http://biodidac.bio.uottawa.ca