Antepartum Outcomes

• Higher rates of NTD even with folic acid supplementation (RR = 3.0 in one study)

• Increased risk for both chronic and pregnancy induced hypertension

• Increased risk for severe preeclampsia (BMI < 32.3, risk was 3.5 times that of controls)

• Increased risk for both GDM, IDD and NIDD.

• Increased twining

• Increased UTI

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