Infancy Objectives
NUTR 525: Maternal and Infant Nutrition
NUTR 526 Homepage
Students will be able to:
Physiology of Infancy
- Identify factors that play a role in
GI differentiation and development in utero and early
infancy
- Understand the role of human milk in
complementing immaturities of GI and renal systems
- Discuss GI development in terms of in
GI motility, esophageal and LES function, gastric
emptying, intestinal transit time, gastro-colonic reflex,
stooling patterns and their clinical implications in
infancy.
- Identify roles of gut hormones in
early infancy and discuss importance of enteral feeding
as promoter of gut and metabolic development
- Identify general statements about
pancreatic enzymes in infancy and list ages at which
pancreatic amylase and lipase levels approach those
comparable to adult levels.
- Identify age at which gastric acid and
pepsin activity approach those of adults
- Identify components that contribute to
potential renal solute load in infant feedings
- Identify major contributors to the
infant's limited ability to concentrate urine in the fist
year of life
- Rank potential infant feedings
according to PRSL
Growth and Development in infancy
- Identify 3 periods of growth patterns
in infancy and describe each
- List changes expected in body
composition in the first months of life regarding fat and
water as percent of total body weight
- Know key developmental events and
their approximate expected age of occurrence that are
associated with readiness to advance feedings in the
first year of life: head and neck control, sitting,
palmar and pincher grasps, ability to hold spoon and
drink from cup, development of "munching"
patterns with food in mouth.
- Discuss role of feeding relationship
in light of developmental changes in infancy.
- Discuss the responsibilities of both
caregivers and infants as they approach feeding in the
fist year of life.
Fluid, Energy and Nutrients in Infancy
Fluid
- State components of water needs in
infancy
- State a general rule for determining
fluid needs in infancy
- List factors that may increase fluid
needs in infancy
- State reasons why infants are at
increased risk for dehydration
Energy
- State RDAs for energy for infancy
- Understand general patterns of energy
needs in infancy
- Recognize major components and
approximate contributions of each to energy needs in
infancy
- List contribution of protein, fat, and
carbohydrate as % of energy in breastfed infants
- Discuss risks associated with low fat
and high fiber diets in infancy
Protein
- Recognize RDA for protein in infancy
Fiber
- Know recommended intakes of dietary
fiber for infants who are approaching one year of age
- List benefits of including fiber in
the diet of older infants as well as some ways of
achieving recommended intakes.
- Discuss potential problems from
excessive fiber consumption in infancy and early
childhood
Fatty Acids
- Describe arguments for including both
n-3 and n-6 long chain fatty acids in commercial formula
as well as maternal diet for lactating women.
- List potential ways of including long
chain n-3 fatty acids in the diet of older infants and
toddlers.
Iron
- Discuss possible consequences of iron
deficiency anemia in infancy
- List current recommendations about
iron supplementation for breastfed infants and rational
for these recommendations
- Identify percent of iron absorbed from
both human milk and commercial formula
- Identify levels of iron fortification
in formula with iron and low iron formulas
- Discuss arguments for routine iron
supplementation of breastfed infants
Oral Health
- Define Early Childhood Caries
- List factors involved in etiology of
ECC
- Discuss possible population based
interventions to decrease prevalence of ECC
- Identify current ADA recommendations
for fluoride supplementation in infancy
- Identify possible adverse consequences
of excessive fluoride intake
Infant Formula
- List reasons that regular cow’s
milk is not an appropriate feeding for human infants
- Understand regulatory process for
infant formulas
- Identify 5 basic categories of infant
formulas
- Know appropriate uses, sources of
protein, and sources of carbohydrate for each category of
infant formula
- Identify approximate distribution of
whey to casein ratio in human and cow’s milk.
- Define whey and casein
- Discuss importance of non-protein
nitrogen in infant feedings
- List possible concerns about soy
formula according to the recent AAP statement
- Know which population groups soy
formulas are recommended for and those for which they are
not indicated
- Discuss possible consequences of
inappropriate formula preparation
Recommendations for Infant feeding
- List current recommendations for
vitamin and mineral supplements for breast and formula
fed infants, including fluoride
- State recommended ages for
introduction of non-milk feedings, changing from formula
to regular whole cow's milk, and changing to low fat
milks
- Discuss current thinking about
relationship between feeding choices and development of
food allergies and diabetes
- List possible adverse consequences of
early introduction of non-milk feedings.
- List possible adverse consequences of
late introduction of non-milk feedings.
Assessment and Counseling
- Assess rates of growth in infancy
using NCHS growth grids and incremental growth grids
- Describe appropriate methods to use to
obtain weights and lengths in infants and identify common
mistakes
- Recognize appropriate and
inappropriate patterns of feeding in regards to timing of
feedings, energy and nutrient intakes, advancing of
feeding methods and foods, and caregiver-infant
interactions
- List key components of anticipatory
guidance for nutrition and feeding in infancy as regards
to honey, bottles in bed, advancing feedings, iron, cup
use, cereal in the bottle, finger foods, choking foods,
supervision while eating.