I. Biofuels
1.
a. Utilize atmospheric CO2 to create biomass rather than burning long-term carbon stores. It is a renewable resource as compared to (ex.) oil reserves.
b. "Typical coal-fired power plants emit flue gas from their stacks containing up to 13% CO2. This high concentration of CO2 enhances transfer and uptake of CO2 in the ponds. The concept of coupling a coal-fired power plant with an algae farm provides an elegant approach to recycle CO2 from coal combustion into useable liquid fuel." Pg. 4 NREL report (use your own words)
c. Algae farm or Open/shallow algal pond or Raceway design or Open-system
d. Closed bioreactor, closed system, optical fiber-based reactor system. Advantage(s): They are not as subject to contamination with whatever organism happens to be carried in the wind; could dramatically reduce the amount of surface area required for algae production
2.
a. Less efficient converters of solar energy, require clearing of land, less corn available for food, use may double GHG emission (increase over the next 167 yrs.)
b. Do not require potable water, more efficient converters of solar energy b/c simple cellular structure, grow in aqueous suspension, more efficient access to water, CO2, and other nutrients, capable of producing 30 times the amt. oil per unit area of land.
II. Estuaries (5 points)
1. Semi-enclosed from the ocean, input of fresh water from a river
a. Landward, because for the first few hours after low tide the tidal current will be flooding at all depths as the tide rises
b. Landward, because for the first few hours after low tide the tidal current will be flooding at all depths as the tide rises
c. Seaward, because the net direction of estuarine currents in the surface layer of an partially mixed estuary is seaward over many tidal cycles
d. Landward, because (0.5 pts.) the net direction of estuarine currents in the subsurface layer of a partially mixed estuary is landward over many tidal cycles
III. Puget Sound Shoreline Case Study
1.
a. Sand erodes
b. The walls starve beaches of sand coming down from hillsides that would replenish sand washed away by waves. Also, reflection of waves from the wall increases wave energy & rate of erosion.
c. "That results in shrunken, eroded beaches with less room for important shoreline life, such as sand lance and surf smelt, little fish that lay their eggs in the sand." Decreases available habitat. (use your own words)
d. "When shoreline trees and bushes are mowed down for lawns and waterfront views, that takes away a source of insects that fall in the water and feed young salmon and of shade that cools fish eggs. Far fewer surf-smelt eggs survive on unshaded beaches, studies have found." (use your own words)
2. "Extra gravel was trucked in to raise the berm several feet. The "habitat bench" that is butressing the seawall was built using only rip-rap (no logs, dune grass, gravel for the berm) for the "restoration". Dune grass was planted farther down the beach to help prevent erosion. Massive logs, some chained down, were added to absorb the force of waves and help trap sand, exploiting the natural dynamic of beach erosion and growth." Provides necessary spawning grounds, prevents habitat loss due to erosion, provides shaded area, beach for intertidal species. (use your own words)

IV. Puget Sound Shoreline Interactions

1.

Type	Location relative to shoreline	Negative consequences
Groins	Perpendicular to shore	Builds up sand upstream of feature and starves beach downstream
Breakwaters	Built offshore and are parallel to the shore	Sediment deposited and fills in inlet/marina area
Bulkheads/Seawalls	Built onshore and are parallel to shore	Lose intertidal zone

3. a. The Sockeyes would be more concerned. 20 years ago the number of bulkheads would have been drastically lower. This rapid increase over the past 6 years would seem much more substantial to the Sockeyes than the Cohos. The Cohos would think that the area always had lot of bulkheads and would not be able to compare to when the shores were more pristine.

b. shifted (shifting baselines)