(* Content-type: application/mathematica *) (*** Wolfram Notebook File ***) (* http://www.wolfram.com/nb *) (* CreatedBy='Mathematica 7.0' *) (*CacheID: 234*) (* Internal cache information: NotebookFileLineBreakTest NotebookFileLineBreakTest NotebookDataPosition[ 145, 7] NotebookDataLength[ 27891, 730] NotebookOptionsPosition[ 25825, 670] NotebookOutlinePosition[ 26208, 686] CellTagsIndexPosition[ 26165, 683] WindowFrame->Normal*) (* Beginning of Notebook Content *) Notebook[{ Cell["Define the the tent map: (Keeping plenty of accuracy)", "Text", CellChangeTimes->{{3.4685169813459997`*^9, 3.4685169914969997`*^9}, { 3.4685170412060003`*^9, 3.468517058093*^9}, {3.468518921547*^9, 3.4685189320030003`*^9}, {3.468521376512*^9, 3.468521377215*^9}}], Cell[BoxData[ RowBox[{ RowBox[{"F", "[", "x_", "]"}], ":=", RowBox[{"If", "[", RowBox[{ RowBox[{"x", "\[LessSlantEqual]", "0.5"}], ",", " ", RowBox[{"a", " ", "x"}], ",", " ", RowBox[{"a", RowBox[{"(", RowBox[{"1", "-", "x"}], ")"}]}]}], "]"}]}]], "Input", CellChangeTimes->{{3.4685170919700003`*^9, 3.468517134475*^9}, 3.468517790198*^9, {3.468518259139*^9, 3.468518264498*^9}, { 3.4685182990889997`*^9, 3.468518300432*^9}, {3.468518332439*^9, 3.468518335038*^9}, {3.4685186319890003`*^9, 3.468518632781*^9}, { 3.468521386705*^9, 3.46852145494*^9}, {3.468521535936*^9, 3.4685215364*^9}, {3.468522452116*^9, 3.4685224575629997`*^9}, { 3.468522497977*^9, 3.468522498281*^9}, {3.46852263513*^9, 3.468522640416*^9}, {3.468525022057*^9, 3.4685250396*^9}, { 3.468525109108*^9, 3.468525114851*^9}, {3.468525373013*^9, 3.468525378508*^9}, {3.4685892140013723`*^9, 3.4685892237043233`*^9}}], Cell[BoxData[ RowBox[{"F", "[", ".14159", "]"}]], "Input", CellChangeTimes->{{3.4685171540290003`*^9, 3.468517166416*^9}, { 3.4685214624119997`*^9, 3.468521483874*^9}, {3.468521539856*^9, 3.468521541199*^9}}], Cell["Try", "Text", CellChangeTimes->{{3.500758411376972*^9, 3.5007584188814015`*^9}}], Cell[BoxData[ RowBox[{"a", "=", " ", RowBox[{"3", "/", "10"}]}]], "Input", CellChangeTimes->{{3.468521570984*^9, 3.468521575165*^9}, {3.468522656679*^9, 3.468522659183*^9}}], Cell["\<\ Make a table of points for repeated applications - NestList works well for \ this\ \>", "Text", CellChangeTimes->{{3.4685176142060003`*^9, 3.468517630153*^9}, { 3.468517719192*^9, 3.468517734895*^9}, {3.4685179038129997`*^9, 3.468517904494*^9}, 3.468521551973*^9}], Cell[BoxData[ RowBox[{ RowBox[{"data1", "=", RowBox[{"NestList", "[", RowBox[{"F", ",", ".9", ",", "100"}], "]"}]}], ";"}]], "Input", CellChangeTimes->{{3.468517632913*^9, 3.4685176428450003`*^9}, { 3.4685177416400003`*^9, 3.468517760703*^9}, {3.4685178257469997`*^9, 3.4685178853450003`*^9}, {3.4685179166949997`*^9, 3.468517917342*^9}, { 3.468518093381*^9, 3.468518094356*^9}, {3.4685181886070004`*^9, 3.4685181898859997`*^9}, {3.46851830712*^9, 3.4685183100550003`*^9}, { 3.468518359461*^9, 3.468518362421*^9}, {3.468518554818*^9, 3.468518561993*^9}, {3.468518601703*^9, 3.468518646293*^9}, { 3.468521515561*^9, 3.468521518832*^9}, {3.46852156235*^9, 3.468521612443*^9}}], Cell[BoxData[ RowBox[{"plot1", "=", RowBox[{"ListPlot", "[", RowBox[{"data1", ",", RowBox[{"Joined", "\[Rule]", "True"}], ",", RowBox[{"PlotRange", "\[Rule]", RowBox[{"{", RowBox[{"0", ",", "1"}], "}"}]}], ",", RowBox[{"PlotStyle", "\[Rule]", RowBox[{"Thickness", "[", "0.01`", "]"}]}], ",", RowBox[{"AspectRatio", "\[Rule]", RowBox[{"1", " ", FractionBox["1", "1"]}]}], ",", RowBox[{"BaseStyle", "->", RowBox[{"{", RowBox[{ RowBox[{"FontFamily", "->", "\"\\""}], ",", RowBox[{"FontSize", "\[Rule]", "18"}]}], "}"}]}]}], "]"}]}]], "Input", CellChangeTimes->{{3.46851794723*^9, 3.468517949334*^9}, {3.468518476712*^9, 3.468518493678*^9}, {3.468518745705*^9, 3.468518748145*^9}, { 3.468521628724*^9, 3.4685216414119997`*^9}}], Cell["Quickly drops to zero - a stable fixed point. Now try", "Text", CellChangeTimes->{{3.468518942474*^9, 3.468518992983*^9}, {3.468521659599*^9, 3.468521727667*^9}}], Cell[BoxData[ RowBox[{"a", "=", RowBox[{"3", "/", "2"}]}]], "Input", CellChangeTimes->{{3.468521729762*^9, 3.468521731796*^9}, {3.468522585395*^9, 3.468522587771*^9}}], Cell["\<\ Note to have good accuracy below we use a rational expression and not a \ decimal one.\ \>", "Text", CellChangeTimes->{{3.468522605977*^9, 3.468522631487*^9}}], Cell[BoxData[ RowBox[{ RowBox[{"data2", "=", RowBox[{"NestList", "[", RowBox[{"F", ",", RowBox[{"9", "/", "10"}], ",", "100"}], "]"}]}], ";"}]], "Input", CellChangeTimes->{{3.468517632913*^9, 3.4685176428450003`*^9}, { 3.4685177416400003`*^9, 3.468517760703*^9}, {3.4685178257469997`*^9, 3.4685178853450003`*^9}, {3.4685179166949997`*^9, 3.468517917342*^9}, { 3.468518093381*^9, 3.468518094356*^9}, {3.4685181886070004`*^9, 3.4685181898859997`*^9}, {3.46851830712*^9, 3.4685183100550003`*^9}, { 3.468518359461*^9, 3.468518362421*^9}, {3.468518671332*^9, 3.468518701369*^9}, {3.468521751716*^9, 3.468521758675*^9}, { 3.46852428921*^9, 3.4685242925620003`*^9}}], Cell[BoxData[ RowBox[{"plot2", "=", RowBox[{"ListPlot", "[", RowBox[{"data2", ",", RowBox[{"Joined", "\[Rule]", "True"}], ",", RowBox[{"PlotRange", "\[Rule]", RowBox[{"{", RowBox[{"0", ",", "1"}], "}"}]}], ",", RowBox[{"PlotStyle", "\[Rule]", RowBox[{"Thickness", "[", "0.01`", "]"}]}], ",", RowBox[{"AspectRatio", "\[Rule]", RowBox[{"1", " ", FractionBox["1", "1"]}]}], ",", RowBox[{"BaseStyle", "->", RowBox[{"{", RowBox[{ RowBox[{"FontFamily", "->", "\"\\""}], ",", RowBox[{"FontSize", "\[Rule]", "18"}]}], "}"}]}]}], "]"}]}]], "Input", CellChangeTimes->{{3.46851794723*^9, 3.468517949334*^9}, {3.468518476712*^9, 3.468518493678*^9}, {3.4685187604230003`*^9, 3.4685187733190002`*^9}, 3.468521794293*^9}], Cell["\<\ Heads to second equilibrium point but does not stay there - unstable. If we \ start there, we do stay there.\ \>", "Text", CellChangeTimes->{{3.468519004091*^9, 3.4685190397720003`*^9}, { 3.4685219940360003`*^9, 3.468522024458*^9}, {3.468589066648533*^9, 3.4685890897663994`*^9}, {3.5007584551934786`*^9, 3.500758459120703*^9}}], Cell[BoxData[ RowBox[{ RowBox[{"data22", "=", RowBox[{"NestList", "[", RowBox[{"F", ",", RowBox[{"3", "/", "5"}], ",", "100"}], "]"}]}], ";"}]], "Input", CellChangeTimes->{{3.468517632913*^9, 3.4685176428450003`*^9}, { 3.4685177416400003`*^9, 3.468517760703*^9}, {3.4685178257469997`*^9, 3.4685178853450003`*^9}, {3.4685179166949997`*^9, 3.468517917342*^9}, { 3.468518093381*^9, 3.468518094356*^9}, {3.4685181886070004`*^9, 3.4685181898859997`*^9}, {3.46851830712*^9, 3.4685183100550003`*^9}, { 3.468518359461*^9, 3.468518362421*^9}, {3.468518671332*^9, 3.468518701369*^9}, {3.468521751716*^9, 3.468521758675*^9}, { 3.468522367744*^9, 3.468522372823*^9}, {3.468522541262*^9, 3.4685225574370003`*^9}}], Cell[BoxData[ RowBox[{"plot22", "=", RowBox[{"ListPlot", "[", RowBox[{"data22", ",", RowBox[{"Joined", "\[Rule]", "True"}], ",", RowBox[{"PlotRange", "\[Rule]", RowBox[{"{", RowBox[{"0", ",", "1"}], "}"}]}], ",", RowBox[{"PlotStyle", "\[Rule]", RowBox[{"Thickness", "[", "0.01`", "]"}]}], ",", RowBox[{"AspectRatio", "\[Rule]", RowBox[{"1", " ", FractionBox["1", "1"]}]}], ",", RowBox[{"BaseStyle", "->", RowBox[{"{", RowBox[{ RowBox[{"FontFamily", "->", "\"\\""}], ",", RowBox[{"FontSize", "\[Rule]", "18"}]}], "}"}]}]}], "]"}]}]], "Input", CellChangeTimes->{{3.46851794723*^9, 3.468517949334*^9}, {3.468518476712*^9, 3.468518493678*^9}, {3.4685187604230003`*^9, 3.4685187733190002`*^9}, 3.468521794293*^9, {3.468522376106*^9, 3.4685223786730003`*^9}}], Cell["\<\ Start at fixed point and stays there, as long as do real arithmetic with \ effectively infinite precision - if we use decimal arithmetic\ \>", "Text", CellChangeTimes->{{3.468522401109*^9, 3.468522436034*^9}, {3.468522754785*^9, 3.468522778007*^9}, {3.468525884205*^9, 3.468525899948*^9}, { 3.500758469817315*^9, 3.5007584899854684`*^9}}], Cell[BoxData[ RowBox[{ RowBox[{"data222", "=", RowBox[{"NestList", "[", RowBox[{"F", ",", ".6", ",", "100"}], "]"}]}], ";"}]], "Input", CellChangeTimes->{{3.468517632913*^9, 3.4685176428450003`*^9}, { 3.4685177416400003`*^9, 3.468517760703*^9}, {3.4685178257469997`*^9, 3.4685178853450003`*^9}, {3.4685179166949997`*^9, 3.468517917342*^9}, { 3.468518093381*^9, 3.468518094356*^9}, {3.4685181886070004`*^9, 3.4685181898859997`*^9}, {3.46851830712*^9, 3.4685183100550003`*^9}, { 3.468518359461*^9, 3.468518362421*^9}, {3.468518671332*^9, 3.468518701369*^9}, {3.468521751716*^9, 3.468521758675*^9}, { 3.468522367744*^9, 3.468522372823*^9}, {3.468522541262*^9, 3.4685225574370003`*^9}, {3.468522797656*^9, 3.468522803671*^9}}], Cell[BoxData[ RowBox[{"plot222", "=", RowBox[{"ListPlot", "[", RowBox[{"data222", ",", RowBox[{"Joined", "\[Rule]", "True"}], ",", RowBox[{"PlotRange", "\[Rule]", RowBox[{"{", RowBox[{"0", ",", "1"}], "}"}]}], ",", RowBox[{"PlotStyle", "\[Rule]", RowBox[{"Thickness", "[", "0.01`", "]"}]}], ",", RowBox[{"AspectRatio", "\[Rule]", RowBox[{"1", " ", FractionBox["1", "1"]}]}], ",", RowBox[{"BaseStyle", "->", RowBox[{"{", RowBox[{ RowBox[{"FontFamily", "->", "\"\\""}], ",", RowBox[{"FontSize", "\[Rule]", "18"}]}], "}"}]}]}], "]"}]}]], "Input", CellChangeTimes->{{3.46851794723*^9, 3.468517949334*^9}, {3.468518476712*^9, 3.468518493678*^9}, {3.4685187604230003`*^9, 3.4685187733190002`*^9}, 3.468521794293*^9, {3.468522376106*^9, 3.4685223786730003`*^9}, { 3.4685228071689997`*^9, 3.468522810993*^9}}], Cell["\<\ We are telling Mathematica to perform decimal arithmetic by using decimal \ value which eventually runs out of precision. Machine precision here is 16 \ digits which breaks down after about 5 times 16 or 80 steps. Also note \ \>", "Text", CellChangeTimes->{{3.46852282398*^9, 3.468522867058*^9}, {3.468525088891*^9, 3.468525098466*^9}, {3.468525632332*^9, 3.468525682817*^9}, { 3.500758509081561*^9, 3.5007585518490067`*^9}}], Cell[BoxData[ RowBox[{"Precision", "[", RowBox[{"3", "/", "5"}], "]"}]], "Input", CellChangeTimes->{{3.46852558265*^9, 3.4685255872*^9}}], Cell[BoxData[ RowBox[{"Precision", "[", "0.6", "]"}]], "Input", CellChangeTimes->{{3.468525591881*^9, 3.468525597711*^9}}], Cell[BoxData[ RowBox[{"N", "[", "%", "]"}]], "Input", CellChangeTimes->{{3.4685256023050003`*^9, 3.468525604574*^9}}], Cell[BoxData[ RowBox[{"N", "[", RowBox[{ RowBox[{"Log", "[", "10", "]"}], "/", RowBox[{"Log", "[", RowBox[{"3", "/", "2"}], "]"}]}], "]"}]], "Input", CellChangeTimes->{{3.468525190133*^9, 3.468525225244*^9}}], Cell["So start very nearby with full precision", "Text", CellChangeTimes->{{3.468525989455*^9, 3.468526001086*^9}, 3.46858914428676*^9}], Cell[BoxData[ RowBox[{ RowBox[{"data2222", "=", RowBox[{"NestList", "[", RowBox[{"F", ",", RowBox[{"30000001", "/", "50000000"}], ",", "100"}], "]"}]}], ";"}]], "Input", CellChangeTimes->{{3.468517632913*^9, 3.4685176428450003`*^9}, { 3.4685177416400003`*^9, 3.468517760703*^9}, {3.4685178257469997`*^9, 3.4685178853450003`*^9}, {3.4685179166949997`*^9, 3.468517917342*^9}, { 3.468518093381*^9, 3.468518094356*^9}, {3.4685181886070004`*^9, 3.4685181898859997`*^9}, {3.46851830712*^9, 3.4685183100550003`*^9}, { 3.468518359461*^9, 3.468518362421*^9}, {3.468518671332*^9, 3.468518701369*^9}, {3.468521751716*^9, 3.468521758675*^9}, { 3.468522367744*^9, 3.468522372823*^9}, {3.468522541262*^9, 3.4685225574370003`*^9}, {3.468522874875*^9, 3.468522882362*^9}, { 3.468523765928*^9, 3.468523813781*^9}}], Cell[BoxData[ RowBox[{"plot2222", "=", RowBox[{"ListPlot", "[", RowBox[{"data2222", ",", RowBox[{"Joined", "\[Rule]", "True"}], ",", RowBox[{"PlotRange", "\[Rule]", RowBox[{"{", RowBox[{"0", ",", "1"}], "}"}]}], ",", RowBox[{"PlotStyle", "\[Rule]", RowBox[{"Thickness", "[", "0.01`", "]"}]}], ",", RowBox[{"AspectRatio", "\[Rule]", RowBox[{"1", " ", FractionBox["1", "1"]}]}], ",", RowBox[{"BaseStyle", "->", RowBox[{"{", RowBox[{ RowBox[{"FontFamily", "->", "\"\\""}], ",", RowBox[{"FontSize", "\[Rule]", "18"}]}], "}"}]}]}], "]"}]}]], "Input", CellChangeTimes->{{3.46851794723*^9, 3.468517949334*^9}, {3.468518476712*^9, 3.468518493678*^9}, {3.4685187604230003`*^9, 3.4685187733190002`*^9}, 3.468521794293*^9, {3.468522376106*^9, 3.4685223786730003`*^9}, { 3.46852288898*^9, 3.46852289538*^9}}], Cell["\<\ Starts to \"run away\" when small initial difference has blown up (40 steps). \ After that we are just seeing mapping steps of finite size. Look at \ difference between 2 starting points as function of step number using natural \ logs\ \>", "Text", CellChangeTimes->{{3.468522922391*^9, 3.4685229651*^9}, 3.468523831995*^9, { 3.468524036543*^9, 3.468524040591*^9}, {3.468524094091*^9, 3.468524100651*^9}, {3.468525718111*^9, 3.4685257465810003`*^9}, 3.468526016142*^9, {3.4685891725220356`*^9, 3.4685892032532477`*^9}, { 3.500758585984959*^9, 3.500758591889297*^9}}], Cell[BoxData[ RowBox[{"pp2222", "=", RowBox[{"ListPlot", "[", RowBox[{"Table", "[", RowBox[{ RowBox[{"{", RowBox[{"n", ",", RowBox[{"Log", "[", RowBox[{"Abs", "[", RowBox[{ RowBox[{"data22", "[", RowBox[{"[", "n", "]"}], "]"}], "-", RowBox[{"data2222", "[", RowBox[{"[", "n", "]"}], "]"}]}], "]"}], "]"}]}], "}"}], ",", RowBox[{"{", RowBox[{"n", ",", "1", ",", "40"}], "}"}]}], "]"}], "]"}]}]], "Input", CellChangeTimes->{{3.46852298125*^9, 3.468523053553*^9}, { 3.4685231053380003`*^9, 3.468523251151*^9}, {3.468523407925*^9, 3.468523410869*^9}, {3.468523843196*^9, 3.468523886722*^9}, { 3.468524104862*^9, 3.468524105582*^9}}], Cell[TextData[{ "Clearly the 2 numbers are separating exponentially. Compare to ", Cell[BoxData[ FormBox[ SuperscriptBox["a", "n"], TraditionalForm]]], " " }], "Text", CellChangeTimes->{{3.468523309777*^9, 3.46852339823*^9}, {3.46852414742*^9, 3.468524148842*^9}}], Cell[BoxData[ RowBox[{"pp2223", "=", RowBox[{"Plot", "[", RowBox[{ RowBox[{"Log", "[", RowBox[{ RowBox[{"(", RowBox[{ RowBox[{"30000001", "/", "50000000"}], "-", RowBox[{"3", "/", "5"}]}], ")"}], " ", RowBox[{ RowBox[{"(", RowBox[{"3", "/", "2"}], ")"}], "^", RowBox[{"(", RowBox[{"n", "-", "1"}], ")"}]}]}], "]"}], ",", RowBox[{"{", RowBox[{"n", ",", "1", ",", "40"}], "}"}], ",", RowBox[{"PlotStyle", "\[Rule]", "Red"}]}], "]"}]}]], "Input", CellChangeTimes->{{3.468523451559*^9, 3.4685235228859997`*^9}, { 3.468523563508*^9, 3.4685235771549997`*^9}, {3.46852389845*^9, 3.4685239344960003`*^9}, {3.468523967157*^9, 3.468523979892*^9}, { 3.4685241109969997`*^9, 3.468524111789*^9}, {3.46852419176*^9, 3.468524214487*^9}}], Cell[BoxData[ RowBox[{"Show", "[", RowBox[{"pp2222", ",", "pp2223"}], "]"}]], "Input", CellChangeTimes->{{3.468523526575*^9, 3.468523540388*^9}}], Cell["\<\ Clearly exponential growth out for 40 steps with exponent \[Lambda] = ln a \ and then the arithmetic starts to break down since differences are of order 1 \ and can no longer grow exponentially.\ \>", "Text", CellChangeTimes->{{3.468523716201*^9, 3.468523749023*^9}, {3.468524011041*^9, 3.4685240122799997`*^9}, {3.468524057958*^9, 3.468524064877*^9}, 3.468524122138*^9, {3.4685241571359997`*^9, 3.468524160608*^9}, { 3.468526035021*^9, 3.468526059259*^9}, {3.468526147783*^9, 3.468526158998*^9}}], Cell["Make it a 2-D plot using these values", "Text", CellChangeTimes->{{3.468520591916*^9, 3.468520596083*^9}, {3.468524262658*^9, 3.468524268009*^9}}], Cell[BoxData[ RowBox[{"plot22B", "=", RowBox[{"ListPlot", "[", RowBox[{ RowBox[{"Join", "[", RowBox[{ RowBox[{"{", RowBox[{"{", RowBox[{ RowBox[{"data22", "[", RowBox[{"[", "1", "]"}], "]"}], ",", "0"}], "}"}], "}"}], ",", RowBox[{"Table", "[", RowBox[{ RowBox[{"{", 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