Air Temperature

Jouzel et al., "Validity of the temperature reconstruction from water isotopes in ice cores", J. Geophys. Res. 102 (C12), 26,471-26,487, 1997.

Severinghaus et al., "Timing of abrupt climate change at the end of the Younger Dryas interval from thermally fractionated gases in polar ice", Nature, 391, 141-146, 1998.

Cuffey et al., "Large Arctic temperature change at the Wisconsin-Holocene glacial transition", Science, 270, 455-457, 1995.

Supplementary Air Temperature Readings & References

pp. 101-110 in Principles of Stable Isotope Distribution by Robert E. Criss, Oxford University Press, 1999.

Mann et al., "Optimal surface temperature recontructions using terrestrial borehole data", JGR, 108(D7), 4203, 2003.

Cuffey, K.M., Clow, G.D., Alley, R.B., Stuiver, M., Waddington, E.D., Saltus, R.W., (1995) Large Arctic temperature change at the Wisconsin-Holocene glacial transition. Science, 270, 455-458.

Dansgaard, W., (1964) Stable isotopes in precipitation. Tellus, 16, 436-447.

Severinghaus, J.P., Brook, E.J., (1999) "Abrupt climate change at the end of the last glacial period inferred from trapped air in polar ice. Science", 286, 930-934.

Mann, M.E., Bradley, R.S., Hughes, M.K., (1999) Northern Hemisphere temperatures during the past millennium: Inferences, uncertainties, and limitations. Geophysical Research Letters, 26(6), 759.

Severinghaus, J.P., Battle, M.O., (2006) Fractionation of gases in polar ice during bubble close-off: New constraints from firn air Ne, Kr and Xe observations. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 244(1-2), 474-500.

Sea Surface Temperature & Geochronology – Required Readings
Hughen, K., Lehman, S., Southon, J., Overpeck, J., Marchal, O., Herring, C., Turnbull, J., (2004) 14C Activity and Global Carbon Cycle Changes over the Past 50,000 Years. Science, 303: 202-207.

CLIMAP, (1976) The Surface of the Ice-Age Earth. Science, 191(4232), 1131-1137.

Hays, J.D., Imbrie, J., Shackleton, N.J., (1976) Variations in the Earth's Orbit: Pacemaker of the Ice Ages. Science, 194: 1121-1132.

Lea, D.W., Pak, D.K., Spero, H.J., (2000) Climate impact of Late Quaternary Equatorial Pacific sea surface temperature variations. Science, 289: 1719-1724.

Brassell, S.C., Eglinton, G., Marlowe, I.T., Pflaumann, U., Sarnthein, M., (1986) Molecular stratigraphy: a new tool for climatic assessment. Nature, 320: 129-133.

Schouten, S., Hopmans, E.C., Schefu, E., Sinninghe Damste, J.S., (2002) Distributional variations in marine crenarchaeotal membrane lipids: a new tool for reconstructing ancient sea water temperatures? Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 204(1-2): 265-274.

SST & Geochronology - Supplemental Readings

Sachs, J.P., Pahnke, K., Smittenberg, R., Zhang, Z., (2007) Biomarkers. In: S. Elias (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Quaternary Science, 2 (Ed. by S. Elias), pp. 1627-1633. Elsevier, Amsterdam

Sachs, J.P., Anderson, R.F., (2003) Fidelity of alkenone paleotemperatures in southern Cape Basin sediment drifts. Paleoceanography, 18(4), -.

Sachs, J.P., Schneider, R., Eglinton, T.I., Freeman, K., Ganssen, G., McManus, J., Oppo, D., (2000) Alkenones as paleoceanographic proxies. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 1(Novemebr 21, 2000), 2000GC000059.

Prahl, F.G., Mix, A.C., Sparrow, M.A., (2006) Alkenone paleothermometry: Biological lessons from marine sediment records off western South America. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 70(1), 101-117.

Wuchter, C., Schouten, S., Coolen, M.J.L., Damste, J.S.S., (2004) Temperature-dependent variation in the distribution of tetraether membrane lipids of marine Crenarchaeota: Implications for TEX86 paleothermometry. Paleoceanography, 19(4), -.

Nürnberg, D., Müller, A., Schneider, R.R., (2000) Paleo-sea surface temperature calculations in the equatorial east Atlantic from Mg/Ca ratios in planktic foraminifera: A comparison to sea surface temperature estimates from Uk'37, oxygen isotopes, and foraminiferal transfer function. Paleoceanography, 15(1), 124-134.

de Vernal, A., Eynaud, F., Henry, M., Hillaire-Marcel, C., Londeix, L., Mangin, S., Matthiessen, J., Marret, F., Radi, T., Rochon, A., (2005) Reconstruction of sea-surface conditions at middle to high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) based on dinoflagellate cyst assemblages. Quaternary Science Reviews, 24(7-9), 897-924.

Cohen, A.L., Hart, S.R., (2004) Deglacial sea surface temperatures of the western tropical Pacific: A new look at old coral. Paleoceanography, 19(4), -.

Mewaldt (1996) Cosmic Rays. (accepted for publication in the Macmillan Encyclopedia of Physics, and posted at http://www.srl.caltech.edu/personnel/dick/cos_encyc.html). Provided by Eric Sofen.

Salinity, Ice Volume, Sea Level: Required Readings

Adkins, J.F. and D.P. Schrag, "Pore fluid constraints on deep ocean temperature and salinity during the last glacial maximum", Geophys. Res. Lett., 28(5), 771-774, 2001.

Shackleton, N.J., "The 100,000-year ice-age cycle identified and found to lag temperature, carbon dioxide, and orbital eccentricity", Science, 289, 1897-1902, 2000.

Lambeck, K., Chappell, J., (2001) Sea level change through the last glacial cycle. Science, 292, 679-686.

Fairbanks, R.G., (1989) A 17,000-Year Glacio-Eustatic Sea Level Record: Influence of Glacial Melting Rates on the Younger Dryas Event and Deep-Ocean Circulation. Nature, 342, 637-642.

Leduc, G., Vidal, L., Tachikawa, K., Rostek, F., Sonzogni, C., Beaufort, L., Bard, E., (2007) Moisture transport across Central America as a positive feedback on abrupt climatic changes. Nature, 445(7130), 908-911.

Supplemental Readings on Salinity, Ice Volume and Sea Level:

Cutler, K.B., (2003) Rapid sea-level fall and deep-ocean temperature change since the last interglacial period. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 206, 253-271.

Siddall, M., Rohling, E.J., Almogi-Labin, A., Hemleben, C., Meischner, D., Schmelzer, I., Smeed, D.A., (2003) Sea-level fluctuations during the last glacial cycle. Nature, 423(6942), 853-858.

Greenhouse Gases: Required Readings

Royer, D.L., Berner, R.A., Beerling, D.J., (2001) Phanerozoic atmospheric CO2 change: evaluating geochemical and paleobiological approaches. Earth-Science Reviews, 54(4), 349-392.

Caillon, N. et al., "Timing of atmospheric CO2 and Antarctic termperature changes across termination III", Science, 299, 1728-1731 (2003).

Greenhouse gases: Supplemental readings

Trudinger, C.M. et al., "Modeling air movement and bubble trapping in firn", J. Geophys. Res., 102(D6), 6747-6763 (1997).

Loulergue, et al., "New constraints on the gas-age ice-age difference along the EPICA ice cores", Clim. Past, 3(3), 527-540 (2007).

Siegenthaler et al., "Stable carbon cycle-climate relationship during the late Pleistocene", Science, 310, 1313-1317 (2005).

Wolff, E. and R. Spahni, "Methane and nitrous oxide in the ice core record"., Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A, 365, 1775-1792 (2007).

Bender, M., et al., "Gases in ice cores", Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 94, 8343-8349 (1997).

Sowers, T., et al., "An interlaboratory comparison of techniques for extracting and analyzing trapped gases in ice cores", J. Geophys. Res., 102(C12), 26,527-26,238 (1997).

Wind, Aerosols, Sea-ice: Required readings

Petite, J.-R., M. Briat and A. Royer, "Ice age aerosol content from East Antarctic ice core samples and past wind strength", Nature, 293, 391-394 (1981).

Hydrology: Required readings

Treydte, K.R. et al., "The twentienth century was the wettest period in northern Pakistan over the past millennium", Nature, 440, 1179-1182 (2006).

Wang, Y.J., Cheng, H., Edwards, R.L., An, Z.S., Wu, J.Y., Shen, C.-C., Dorale, J.A., (2001) A High-Resolution Absolute-Dated Late Pleistocene Monsoon Record from Hulu Cave, China. Science, 294: 2345-2348.

Hydrology: Supplemental readings

Pahnke, K., Sachs, J.P., Keigwin, L.D., Timmermann, A., Xie, S.-P., (In press) Eastern tropical Pacific hydrologic changes during the past 27,000 years from D/H ratios in alkenones. Paleoceanography.

Ocean Circulation: Required readings

Lynch-Stieglitz et al. (2007) Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation During the Last Glacial Maximum. Science, 316(5821), 66-69.

Lynch-Stieglitz, J., Curry, W.B., Slowey, N., (1999) Weaker Gulf Stream in the Florida Straits during the Last Glacial Maximum. Nature, 402, 644-648.

McManus, J.F., Francois, R., Gherardi, J.-M., Keigwin, L.D., Brown-Leger, S., (2004) Collapse and rapid resumption of Atlantic meridional circulation linked to deglacial climate changes. Nature, 428(6985), 834-837.