| Types
of Long Term Memory |
|
| Memories are not stored
in a single part of the brain. They stored globally
across the brain. |
The hippocampus is important for transferring
declarative memory from short-term memory to
long-term memory, but not for procedural memories
(e.g., riding a bike).
|
| Anterograde
amnesia is memory loss of any memories after
the onset of the amnesia. For example, if someone
has damage to the hippocampus. They may have difficult
forming new memories, but they will be able to remember
the memories formed before the damage to the hippocampus.
|
Retrograde amnesia is the memory loss of
memories formed prior to the onset of the amnesia.
|
Temporal lobes contain the hippocampus… |
From the movie |
He lives in the moment, i.e., moment to moment
consciousness. Everything before and after doesn’t
exist. He’s newly awake for the first time
every day. He always thinks that he has been
awake for 2 minutes. As you talk to him, he
does not remember the last sentence.
|
The infection usually starts in another origin,
then goes to the brain – hippocampus.
|
The serial position
of words in a list you are trying to remember
is important. |
Typically the first words (primacy effect)
and the last words (recency effect) will be
remembered more often than the words in the
middle.
|
We
forget things because we
are constantly leaning
things…
|
| Proactive
& Retroactive
Interference |
Whether
interference is proactive
or retroactive is
determined by when the
material that is
interfering occurs.
If the memory
that interferes comes
before it is proactive,
it it comes after, it is
retroactive.
|
Proactive
interference
Learning A
---------> Learning B
--------> Forget B
Retroactive
Interference
Learning A
---------> Learning B
--------> Forget A
|
Time 1
|
Time 2
|
Test
|
Interference
|
Study
French
|
Study
Spanish
|
Recall
Spanish
|
French
proactively interferes
|
Study
French
|
Study
Spanish
|
Recall
French
|
Spanish
retroactively interferes
|
|
If you
learn something, then you
sleep, you have a chance
of retaining 60% more
information. Rather if
you were to stay awake,
you would be constantly
bringing in new
information. Thus causing
more interference. |
"Forgetting curve."
Ebbing house’s curve, says
that we forget most of our
information right away, same on
any scale!
Seconds, minutes, hours, days,
weeks, years. (remaining with the
same scale of 100 percent of the
original information.)
Context specific memory. If the context matches, you
get better remembering.
State specific memory. If the state is the same, the
memory will improved.
Method
of Loci
– used by the Greeks who
determined that it was a good
enhancer of memory.
Better than a strategy of
repetition
Recalled: Radio, Pencil,
Wire, Bean, Flower, Table, Piano,
Necktie, Sock, Hammer, Penny
Recall: Glass
Necessary for memory
Imagery –
Organization –
Example memorizing
Types of amnesia
Retrograde
Anterograde
Source
Allows you to memorize that there
are 3 types of amnesia…
Meaning
Spacing
Reviewing
Sleep – time during which
memories are consolidated
Long term potentiation:
The brain is constantly
changing. The connections that
one has now, are not the same as
last week. Unfortunately whole
nerve cells don’t re-grow.
Rather dendrites can
change.
The brain does not
take a snapshot of an event.
Rather it takes enough
information from the event,
stores it in memory, then when
one tries to recall the event,
the brain synthesizes the event.
Source Amnesia –
Source 1 – Watched a movie
Source 2 – Read the news paper
Source 2 & 1 will result in 1 memory.
Condition 1: (there will be misinformation) –
the race, the number of suspects, and the store, and
the street
Black, three, drug, elm
Condition 2: (neutral information)
2X2 Plot
There doesn’t seem to be
a relationship between
people’s confidence of what
they know, and what they actually
know.
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