Important
Abbreviations
|
| CS |
Conditioned Stimulus |
CR |
Conditioned
Response |
| UCS |
UnConditioned Stimulus
|
UCR |
UnConditioned Response |
| NS |
Neutral
Stimulus |
|
|
|
| Before
Conditioning |
| Bell (NS) |
à |
No
salivation response |
| Food was
presented (US) |
à |
Naturally
the animal salivates. (UCS) |
|
| After
Conditioning |
| Bell (CS) |
à |
Salivation
response (CR) |
|
| Pavlov
–
Russian psyciologist who
ivesigated classical
conditioning |
|
Pavlov received the nobel
prize for studing
digestion: He put windows
into the digestive tract
of dogs and watched
portions of the
diegesiton process.
He also studied salivation
which is part of
digestion. When he
fed the animals, he
measued saliva which was
an unconditioned response |
He found that
sometimes when he would
open the door and the
dogs would begin
salivating.
Aparently salivating in
accordance to sounds
which were associated
with food.
|
Pavlov decided to
study conditioning which
is the most basic form of
learning. - If across
several trials you ring a
bell just before you feed
an animal eventually the
bell will elicit
salivation.
|
|
 |
| Example
of Classical
Conditioning: (Take
careful note of the
terminology used) |
Bell (CS) is
associated to Meat Powder
(UCS) à
Salivation
N = Number of Trials
|
|
First taught, then do an
extinction trial, then wait,
until it is extinguished, then
wait a day with out any trials,
the spontaneous recovery of the
Acquisition (or the re-appearnce
of the conditioned stimulus) is
smaller than the origional
resopnse.
SIMPLY STATED:
FIRST:
(acquisition) A dog is
first taught the bell
promises food and will
salivate when the bell is
rung, even before food is
presented
SECOND: (Extinction)
Now the scientist is trying
to make the bell have no
meaning. To do this
the scientist rings the bell
but does not present any
food. After a few
trials, the dog finally
realizes the bell nolonger
promises food, and therefore
the dog stops salivating when
the bell rings.
Third: (Spontaneous
Recovery) which
references the recovery of
the acquisition. After
a rest period the conditioned
resopnse is reseoted even
after previous extinction.
Spontaneous recovery can be
prevented by over extinction:
continuing the extinction
trials.
Legend:
|
___ =
Stimulus off
--- = Stimulus on |
___---___ =
[off on off] the --- is
the duration of
"on"
Our example is:
CS = Bell
US = Opening the Drawer
containing Meat |
|
| Paradigm |
Time |
| Simultaneous
Conditioning |
CS ____---____ -
ring bell and open meat
drawer
US ____---____ |
Delayed
conditioning
Strongest Conditioning |
CS
_------------_
US ______----_ |
| Trace
Conditioning |
CS __---______
US ______---__ |
| Temporal
Conditioning |
US __---__---__ |
| Backward
Conditioning |
CS ______---_
US ___---____ |
| Stimulus
Generalization |
If you
condition a dog on a bell
with 5000 cycles per
second and you use the
same bell, you get the
same response.
But if you ring a bell of
3000 cycles per second
you get a diminished
salivary resopnse in
comparison to the bell
which rang at 5000 cycles
per second
|
To
eliminate generalization
and inhance descrimation:,
give the animal food over
several trials when the
the 5,000c/s is rung;
then ring bells with
frequencies close to
5000c/s but never feed
the dog, the dog will
then lean to descrimate
between a 5000c/s bell
and other bells.
|
| John Watson
& his assistant Ms.
Rayner |
"Little
Albert" Experiment
- The conditioned fear of
cute fuzzy animals
|
In the
beginnning little albert
played freely with a
white rat. But
later, Watson paired a
loud noise with the
presntation of the rat.
Albert became
afraid of the rat, and
subsequently other small
cute fuzzy animals.
|
Mary
Cupboard Jones
– helped with
behavioral psychology and
the treatement of
phobias. Invented
systemeatic
desensitization (a
treatment for phobias)
|
| Conditioned
Food Aversion –
if you get sick after
eating something, there
is a likelihood that you
will not choose to eat it
again, that is, you will
aviod the food. |
This
was used by shepherds who
wanted to protect their
flock, they would put out
some tainted meat (which
made them sick),
and the coyotes would get
sick, there after no
longer wanting sheep
meat.
|
| Conditioned
Immune Resopnse - The
immune resopnse can be
classically conditioned.
- Example: if a drug
which lowers the immune
system is paired over
several trials with a
specific taste
(saccharin) the animal's
immune system will be
lowered by the taste
alone. |
Some
animals which just get
the flavor of a
particularly averted
food, the immune system
goes down.
|
| Homeostasis
- an animal's
body strives to maintain
a constant physological
state. |
| Conditioned
Compensatory Resopnse (learned
tollerance) |
If a
rat is put in a cold dark
ice box, his body
tempature drops.
After exposing the rat in
this situation sevral
times, it will be
conditioned.
If the
ice box is nolonger
cooled and the rest of
the situation remains the
same, what will happen
when the animal is put in
the box? Will the
animal's body
temperature increase or
will it decrease?
Paradoxically
the animal's body
temperature will increase!
The
rat's body will be
tricked into compensating
for the cold, even though
there is none - his body
temperature will therefor
rise. This is an example
conditioned compensatory
response.
|
| Tolerance
– Decreased
effectiveness of a drug
through repeated
exposure. |
| Learned
tolerance –
Conditioned
tollerance. Is created by
a conditioned
compensatory response. |
Example:
Some drugs have
similar
effects/problems… if
a drug is taken the body
will remember the
environment in which the
drug was taken, so if you
usually take a drug with
friends your body begins
to build up a tollerance
for the drug in the
presence of the
conditioned stimulus - friends,
but later take it by your
self, you have a higher
likelihood of overdosing
because the conditioned
stimulus is absent, there
is no conditioned
compensatory response
lessening the effect of
the drug.
|
|
|
