Study
Guide: Concepts to know well for Exam 2
You are responsible for all lectures, all of Chapters 6, 7, and 15 as well as pages 396 - 399 from Chapter 8 in the book.
Classical
conditioning (UCS, UCR, CS, CR)
Types
of classical conditioning (simultaneous, trace, temporal, backward, delayed)
Extinction
Generalization
Discrimination
Conditioned
compensatory responses (presented in lecture)
Biological
predispositions to conditioning (taste aversion)
Operant
conditioning
Shaping
Reinforcers (primary and secondary)
Reinforcement
schedules and their effects (fixed interval, variable interval, fixed ratio,
variable ratio, continuous)
Spontaneous
recovery
Reinforcement
(positive and negative)
Punishment
(aversive & response cost)
Observational
learning (i.e., modeling).
Encoding
Automatic
processing
Effortful
processing
Spacing
effect
Serial
position effect
Schemas
Things
encoded (meaning and imagery)
Organization
of encoding (chunking and hierarchies)
Retrieval cues (priming, context effects (i.e., déjà vu), state-dependent memory, mood-congruent memory, flashbulb memory)
Sensory memory storage (iconic and echoic)
Short-term memory
Explicit long-term memory
(declarative: semantic and episodic)
Implicit long-term memory
(procedural: [motor & cognitive skills] and classical conditioning)
Ebbinghaus’s forgetting curve
Hippocampus and memory (storage of implicit vs.
declarative memories)
Biology of memory and long-term
potentiation
Misinformation effect
Source amnesia (presented in
lecture)
Eyewitness recall (presented in
lecture)
Kinds
of interference (retroactive and proactive)
Repression (memories of abuse)
Amnesia
(antrograde and retrograde - presented in lecture)
Heuristics
(representative and availability)
Just
world hypothesis
Overconfidence
in memory (flashbulb memories, eye-witness memories)
Measuring
memory (recall tests, recognition tests, relearning tasks)
Cognitive
dissonance theory
Self
perception theory
Attribution theory – know this theory well –
(dispositional versus situational attributions)
Fundamental Attribution Error
Foot-in-the door technique and lowballing
Conformity (definition)
Asch’s experiment
Conditions that strengthen conformity
Social norms
Reasons for conforming (normative and informational)
Obedience (when is obedience highest)
Social facilitation
Social loafing,
Group polarization
Groupthink (how to prevent it)
Cognitive roots of prejudice
Television and agression
Altruism
Bystander effects