16th C: COUNTER REFORMATION ROME

1512 LATERAN COUNCIL in Rome
        decrees against simony (buying, selling church offices)
                               financial & moral corruption

1537 Advice on Reforming the Church
        denunciation of city of Rome as “brothel”
         commission appointed by Pope Paul III, Farnese
              Roman family, builder of Farnese Palace
         transitional "Janus Pope" - looking forward & back                    
              father of several illegitimate children, later reformed

COUNTER REFORMATION INSTITUTIONS:

  1)  COUNCIL OF TRENT 1545-63
       general council called to reform Church in response to
                  Protestant Reformation
       reforms create new phase: Tridentine Church 1563-1960
      

  2) ROMAN INQUISITION: jurisdiction only in Italy
        modeled on Spanish Inquisition (founded in 1478)
        founded in 1542 by Gian Pietro Carafa 
                                    later Pope Paul IV 1555-59
        directed against Protestant heretics:
                    Lutherans, Calvinists, Anabaptists
        Pope Pius V Michele Ghislieri 1566-72 Dominican:
                           second former Inquisitor as Pope
        famous Inquisition trials:  (see below for Scientific Revolution))
                             Galileo Galilei 1630-33
                                 charged with Copernicanism; house arrest
                             Giordano Bruno 1598-1600
                               burned at stake for asserting plurality of worlds
                               statue erected in Campo dei Fiori 1898 as
                                         anti-clerical protest after unification of Italy

  3) INDEX OF FORBIDDEN BOOKS  1559-1960

  4) SOCIETY OF JESUS, OR JESUIT ORDER (S.J.)
          founded by Ignatius Loyola, Spanish
         goal is reconversion of Europe, missionary activity
          Rome: Church of Il Gesu  

SIXTUS V 1585-90 
renovation of city of Rome; obelisks
Link to more information on obelisks

SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION 16th-17th C: 
Laws of Nature as mathematical, observable

      "Nature and Nature's laws lay hid in night;
       God said, ‘Let Newton be!’ and all was Light."
          from:       Alexander Pope, Essay on Man (1729)

   Nicolas Copernicus, Polish monk  1543 On the revolutions of heavenly sphere
      Revolutionary proposals: heliocentrism (sun centered), rejects motion of sun
            replaces it with motion of earth, no longer central to universe
      Opposition to heliocentrism: 1) common sense (sun rises, sun sets)
            2) Scripture: condemned by Protestants & Catholics alike
            3) classical authority of Ptolemy, ancient Greek astronomy
            4) threatens entire Christian cosmology (world view), sense of order

   Galileo Galilei (1584-1642)  Astronomy: popularizer of Copernican system
     invention of telescope: qualitatively new data: sees new stars, moons of Jupiter
     1625 Dialogue on Two Chief World Systems: attack on Ptolemy & Aristotle;
          public defense of Copernican system, charged with Copernican heresy

 **  1633 trial by Roman Inquisition, required to recant his errors publicly; says
         sotto voce, "Eppure si muove" (But it does move); house arrest in Florence

   Issac Newton 1687 Principia Mathematica: three laws of motion, inertia, gravity
        as common principles underlying all motion both earthly & heavenly motion; 
      calculus: mathematical description of motion, rates of change (not just static)