16TH C ITALIAN
POLITICS TO SACK OF ROME (1527)
Renaissance
Papacy during late l5th and early 16th C.
(a lot of Popes here, but each important for art history
& history)
Sixtus IV (1471-1480)
Della Rovere (uncle of Julius II, below)
builds
Sistine Chapel in Vatican Palace; nepotism (promotes relatives)
Innocent VIII (1480-1492)
financial corruption, indulgence sales;
first Pope to publicly recognize his (many)
children while Pope
Alexander VI Borgia
(1492-1503) Spaniard, effort to leave Papal to
son Cesare Borgia
(Duke Valentino) head of papal armies
= Machiavelli's hero: man of action, hope to unify Italy
daughter Lucrezia Borgia married in ceremony in Vatican
Julius II della Rovere
(1503-1513)
"warrior Pope," personally directs Papal
troops in battle
conquest of Bologna; expands boundaries of Papal
States
Erasmus'
pacifistic treatise: (from Julius Exclusus Heaven)
Leo X Medici (1513-1521)
election demonstrates restored Medici power
traditional
alliance of Popes & Florence strengthened
Hadrian VI (1522-23)
Dutch Pope; last non-ltalian pope until 20th C.
Polish Pope
Clement VII Medici
(1523-34)
prisoner
during Sack of Rome (1527)
by the German troops of Emperor Charles V Hapsburg
Paul III (1534-1549) Farnese, old Roman family, builds
Palazzo Farnese
finally calls Council of Trent (1543-63) (off Campo dei
Fiori)
Dwarfing of italy, 1494-1527
French (Valois)
invasions of Italy:
1494 Charles VIII
1498
Louis XII called in by Venice against Milan
1515
Francis I -victory at Marignano, occupation of Milan
defeated at Pavia 1525 by Charles V
1519
Imperial election: Hapsburg Charles I of Spain
becomes Emperor Charles V of Holy Roman Empire
Leo X
makes alliance with Charles V against France
Hapsburg - Valois
Wars 1522-1529
1522-4 struggle for Milan between France & Empire
1525
BATTLE OF PAVIA:
Imperial victory, Francis taken prisoner
Pope & Italian states begin to fear Imperial victory
1528
TREATY OF MADRID:
Francis renounces claims to Burgundy,
Netherlands, Italy; Francis marries Charles sister
1526
LEAGUE OF COGNAC: broad alliance against Charles V by
France, Papacy, Italians (Milan, Florence, Venice)
due to fear of Imperial power taking over all of Italy
(note that Papacy has now changed sides from Empire to France)
1527 SACK OF
ROME: lasts six months
by German Imperial troops, many Lutheran
occupy the Vatican, used to house troops
worst Sack of city in terms of people
killed
Pope
Clement VII (Medici) prisoner in Castel Sant'Angelo
1529 PEACE OF CAMBRAI:
Francis renounces claims to Flanders & ltaly
Charles renounces claim to Burgundy
1529 PEACE OF BARCELONA
Pope confirms Imperial (Hapsburg) claim to Naples
1530 Charles crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Clement VII
ceremony held in Bologna because Rome is disaster zone