Hadrian VI (1522-23)
Dutch Pope; last non-ltalian pope until 20th C. Polish Pope
Clement VII Medici (1523-34)
prisoner during Sack of Rome (1527)
by the German troops of Emperor Charles V Hapsburg
Paul III (1534-1549) Farnese, old Roman family, builds Palazzo Farnese
finally calls Council of Trent (1543-63) (off Campo dei Fiori)
Dwarfing of italy, 1494-1527
French (Valois) invasions of Italy:
1494 Charles VIII
1498 Louis XII called in by Venice against Milan
1515 Francis I -victory at Marignano, occupation of Milan
defeated at Pavia 1525 by Charles V
1519 Imperial election: Hapsburg Charles I of Spain
becomes Emperor Charles V of Holy Roman Empire
Leo X makes alliance with Charles V against France
Hapsburg - Valois Wars 1522-1529
1522-4 struggle for Milan between France & Empire
1525 BATTLE OF PAVIA:
Imperial victory, Francis taken prisoner
Pope & Italian states begin to fear Imperial victory
1528 TREATY OF MADRID:
Francis renounces claims to Burgundy,
Netherlands, Italy; Francis marries Charles sister
1526 LEAGUE OF COGNAC: broad alliance against Charles V by
France, Papacy, Italians (Milan, Florence, Venice)
due to fear of Imperial power taking over all of Italy
(note that Papacy has now changed sides from Empire to France)
1527 SACK OF ROME: lasts six months
by German Imperial troops, many Lutheran
occupy the Vatican, used to house troops
worst Sack of city in terms of people killed
Pope Clement VII (Medici) prisoner in Castel Sant'Angelo
1527 invasion of Italy by Hapsburg troops at war with France & Pope;
overthrow of Medici (allies of Pope); restored as Grand Dukes 1530
1529 PEACE OF CAMBRAI:
Francis renounces claims to Flanders & ltaly
Charles renounces claim to Burgundy
1529 PEACE OF BARCELONA
Pope confirms Imperial (Hapsburg) claim to Naples
1530 Charles crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Clement VII
ceremony held in Bologna because Rome is disaster zone