MAZZINI,
Giuseppe 1805-1872
CARBONARI: secret
nationalist society
1848 ROMAN REPUBLIC suppressed by
French
army under Napoleon III
GARIBALDI,
Giuseppe 1807-1882
1849
defense of Janiculum Hill
slogan
“ROMA O MORTE” (Rome or death)
CAVOUR,
Count Camillo
1810-1861
minister
to King of Piedmont-Savoy
1858
pact with Napoleon III of France
1859
war with Austria
1860
GARIBALDI invades
Sicily, then Naples
troops -
“red shirts”
CAVOUR army marches south, conquest of Papal States
1861 KINGDOM OF ITALY united under VICTOR EMMANUEL II
Capitals
of united Italy:
1861 Turino 1865 Florence 1870 Rome:
ROMA
CAPITALE, TERZA ROMA
1870-1929
POPES self-declared “prisoners of the Vatican”
withdraw to Vatican
City to protest conquest of Papal States
Papacy excommunicates
all members of new legislature
source of strong
anti-clericalism in Italian politics
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ITALIAN FASCISM:
theme of exaggerated nationalism
WORLD WAR I Italy
on Allied side
post war issues: terms of treaty, war costs,
anti-communism
1917 Russian Revolution: result of WWI, first communist state
1921 Italian Communist Party founded by Antonion Gramsci
split
off from Italian Socialist Party (not radical enough)
BENITO
MUSSOLINI 1883-1944
Editor
of Socialist newspaper AVANTI
1919
fascio di combattimento (armed political groups)
Roman
fasces as new political symbol
1920
FASCIST PARTY: militants called squadristi = “blackshirts”
1922 MARCH ON ROME
(echoes
of Ceasar's crossing Rubicon)
King makes Mussolini
Prime Minister
1924 murder of MATTEOTTI Socialist deputy by Fascist squadristi
Movie: IL Delitto Matteotti
1929 LATERAN TREATY with Pope recognition of Vatican State
FASCIST IDEOLOGY:
DUCISMO: cult of the leader (Il Duce)
corporative
state, eliminate class conflict
militarism: un bambino un soldato (one baby = one soldier)
FOREIGN
POLICY: Mussolini’s
Roman Empire
1935 invasion
of Ethiopia
1938 Spanish
Civil War
1939 pact
with Hitler forming
AXIS POWERS in World War II: German and Italy