CS Equipment

Laser Instruments:
- to create a visible line, or plane of known elevation or tilt
- The line or plane could be horizontal, vertical, or tilted.
- Single beam lasers will project visible string lines or plumb lines
- Rotating beam lasers: a rotating single beam to create a plane.
- Examples: Laser levels, laser theodolite: fig 24-1, the laser coincides with the line of sight.
Total Stations: the ones designed for CS are of lower angular resolution(10” or 20”), and shorter ranges(500 m)
Relative GPS: subcentimeter accuracy with real time kinematic GPS in horizontal, few cm in vertical. Must maintain visibility with satellites
Levels