HSTEU302   INSTRUCTIONS ON PAPERS: FORMAT FOR CITATIONS         

GENERAL FORMAT:
Papers should be typed, double spaced; no plastic or cardboard covers, just title page
with name, paper title, date, course.

The basic purpose of scholarly citations is that any reader should be able to track
down your sources for direct quotes and for ideas or information taken from a specific
source.  Professors & TAs know what books you are using, but complete citations are
nonetheless required for each primary source.  The general rule about citations is to
follow a consistent format, including all relevant publication information.  Historians use
The Chicago Manual of Style; but other systems are also OK if you prefer another.

Endnotes and footnotes differ only in where they are located; footnotes are at the foot
of the page, while endnotes are at the end of the paper.  Either is fine, though
endnotes are generally easier, unless your computer program makes footnotes just as
easy.  Also, note that endnotes do not need to be on a separate page, so long as there
is still room on your last page. 

For the first paper on Locke, we are suggesting the following simplified format, where
a complete citation is first given in a note, and later citations are indicated by page
numbers in parentheses.

For the first citation of a work, give the complete reference, either in a footnote (bottom
of page) or an endnote (at end of paper), using a numbered note:

1     John Locke, Second Treatise of Government, edited by Thomas P. Peardon
(Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1979), pp. xx.  Subsequent citations to this work will be
indicated in parenthesis in the text.

For the second paper, this would translate to

Voltaire, Candide, edited by Daniel Gordon (Boston: Bedford-St. Martin's, 1999)

If you are using a different edition, give the publication information for that edition
as indicated above (City: Publisher, date); but if you are using the assigned edition
for the class, OK to use either city or publisher or both, but always give date.

If your essay draws on two or more sources, you must give a full citation (like the one
given above) the first time you cite a given source [see examples 3 and 4 below], or,
if you are using xeroxed selections passed out in class, give a brief citation,  such as:

2     Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, HSTEU302 course web site

3      Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Discourse on the Origins of Inequality (Indiana: Hackett Publishing, 1992

4      Voltaire, “Letters,” in Margaret Jacob (ed.), The Enlightenment ( 2001), p. 90

FOR REPEAT PAGE CITATIONS FROM A SOURCE ALREADY FOOTNOTED:

If your essay draws on only one primary source, you can simply indicate page
numbers in parentheses after quotes or other citations, as follows: (p. 20)

When there is more than one source, you should use the author or editor's last name,
or short version of author or title (for instance, Locke, Hobbes, Rousseau, Voltaire)
to indicate which of two or more sources you are citing, as follows: 
  (Locke, p. 90)           or      (Hobbes, p. xx)     

TO CITE SAME AUTHOR FROM TWO DIFFERENT WORKS:

For the second paper, you may be using Voltaire’ Candide some of the selections
from Voltaire in the Jacob book.  Give each a full note on first citation; for subsequent
citations, some distinction between the two must be made, such as:
    (Voltaire, Candide, p. 50)   versus   (Voltaire in Jacob, p. 100)

Recommended for purchase:  Struck and White, Elements of Style: good, SHORT
and very helpful little book on how to write more effectively, clearly and tersely.