Final

Due Thursday 12/12, to Canvas by 11:59pm (pdf only).

This exam counts for 35% of your course grade.

No late finals will be accepted.

Note: You may not discuss the final with other students (until after everyone has turned it in). Please send any questions about the final directly to me (via email) rather than posting on Canvas. I will respond by email and post answers as appropriate on the Canvas. Please read the Canvas discussion.

Note 2: Please do NOT rotate figures within pages in your pdf. The grading software doesn't allow me to rotate pages as I grade.

Note 3: Finals will be graded exactly as turned in via Canvas. It is the student's responsibility to double check that the pdf file is correct and legible.

Problem 1. A Tree (60pts)

A. Draw a tree for the following sentence, using the grammar from the textbook (Appendix A, plus the answers to Chapter 8 Problem 2 and Ch 11 Problem 5, both available through Canvas) and according to the instructions below. (NB: This problem is not only about long distance dependencies, but also about multiple phenomena involving the rules and principles of our grammar.)

• That song, people believe Mozart wrote but found to be hard to play.

Instructions

1. Show the whole tree (i.e., no triangles under nodes).
2. Assume lexical entries for the words instantiating appropriate types from the grammar.
3. This tree is ambiguous according to our grammar; the tips below pertina to the tree where Mozart is the subject of a coordinated VP.
   • There is one orv-lxm.
   • There is one easy-type adjective.
   • Five different phrase structure rules are used, one six different times.
   • You are not asked to show ARG-ST values, but it may be helpful to work out what they are.
   • Assume the S-complement type of verb developed in problem 11.5.
   • Use CONJ as the abbreviation for a feature structure that is [HEAD conj].
4. Label each node with an appropriate abbreviation (e.g., NP).
5. Show the values of SPR, COMPS, GAP, and STOP-GAP where they are non-empty. These values should include tags where they are identified with other structures in the tree (whole nodes or the value of SPR, COMPS, GAP and/or STOP-GAP on other nodes). At least one instance of each tag should be associated with a category abbreivation (e.g. NP). If the grammar requires coindexing (but not complete identification), show that with a subcript (NP_i).
6. Please do NOT show the value for any other features. The tree is big enough as it is! I will take off points for any extra features. This includes SYN, VAL, ARG-ST, HEAD etc and any features with empty values.
7. Check your work: The correct tree has 25 nodes, not counting the leaves (word forms). I found 34 non-empty values for SPR, COMPS, GAP and STOP-GAP collectively. I used tags numbered 1-12, plus the index i. (You don't have to use the exact same numbers in the same places; this is meant to help you check that you have the right number of sets of identities.)

B. Describe each step in the cascade of identities that link the INST value of the song predication to the PLAYED value of play predication. Your answer should take the form of an enumerated list. Each item in the list should describe one step, i.e., state which features are required to have the same value and state which lexical entry, rule or principle of the grammar requires this.

I found 30 steps in this chain. You do not need to mention any lexical rules, nor any specific lexical types. Identities that come from either can be described as enforced by the lexical entries themselves. You should, however, account for identities required by the ARP (I found 9 of those). (Hint: The SCP is not involved in any of these steps.)

Please format your answer as a table, following the example below, where I given you the first and last few links in the chain, plus one from the middle. (NB: The assignment of members of the identity as 'first' and 'second' is arbitrary, and either order is acceptable. Similarly, the steps can be listed in any order, though the problem should be easier if you follow the chain step by step.)

	Grammar entity (lex entry, phrase structure rule, principle)	First member of identity	Second member of identity
1.	Lexical entry for song	The INDEX value of N song	the INST value of the song predication
...
N.	ARP	second element of the ARG-ST of the Vbe	sole element of the COMPS list of the V be
...
30.	Lexical entry for play	INDEX value of the second element of the ARG-ST of the V play	PLAYED value of the play predication

If you are using latex to format your exam, you can use this template for the table to get started:

\begin{footnotesize}
\begin{tabular}{l|lll}

Grammar entity & 1st member of idetity & 2nd member of identity\\ \hline
1. lex ent: & INST value of the  & INDEX value of the N\\
{\it song}   & {\bf song} predication & {\it song}\\ \hline

N. ARP & second element of the ARG-ST of & sole element of the COMPS list of\\
& {\it be} &  {\it be}\\ \hline

30. lex ent: & INDEX of the 2nd item on the ARG-ST & PLAYED role in the {\bf play}\\
{\it play} & of the V {\it play} & predication of the V {\it play}\\ \hline

\end{tabular}
\end{footnotesize}
  

Problem 2. Some Lexical Rules (40pts)

A. For each word in the following sentence, list the lexical rules involved in licensing its word structure. (Again, this question is cumulative, and not about any one particular phenomenon. Once again, use the grammar in Appendix A for reference. Also, while you do not need to provide a tree for your answer, it might help you work through the problem to sketch one out.)

• Chris wanted it to be appreciated that Sandy's ideas shouldn't be stolen.

Check your work: Though there are 13 words in the sentence, they collectively represent 17 applications of lexical rules. One lexical rule is used 7 times.

B. Show the word structure for shouldn't as it appears in this sentence. Include the effects of the lexical rule(s) it undergoes as well as constraints inherited from types (e.g., those on auxv-lxm and its supertypes, as well as those on word). You don't need to show the RESTR values of the elements of the ARG-ST and valence lists or any other information that is underspecified by the combination of the lexical entry and lexcial rules but rather 'unifed in' from other parts of the tree.

C. How does our analysis capture the fact that be is required before appreciated in this example? That is, why are the following ungrammatical? (This question can be answered in a short sentence or two.)

1. *Chris wanted it to appreciated that Sandy's ideas shouldn't be stolen.
2. *Chris wanted it to do appreciated that Sandy's ideas shouldn't be stolen.