Energy & Environment I

Energy & Environment I NAME

HW#6

Due Friday, November 9, 2001

ANSWERS IN RED.

Consider world oil. Fill in the following table:

OIL

bbo

GteC

CO₂ (ppm)

Economically Recoverable Resource Remaining (Futures)

Table 10.1 Bodansky:

1400

1400x10⁹ bls x (7/8) x (1 tonne/7.33 bls) x (1 Gte/10⁹ tonnes) = 167

167 GteC x (1 ppm/2.13 Gte) = 78

Proved (proven) Reserves

Table 7.1 Hinrichs & Kleinbach

1020

167 x 1020/1400 = 122

122/2.13 = 57

Note:

bbo = billion barrels of oil (given in Bodansky and in Hinrichs & Kleinbach).

GteC = giga tonnes of carbon, where giga = 10⁹, tonne = metric ton = 1000 kg. In Section 3.3.4, p. 3:5, Bodansky tells us how many barrels of oil it takes to make 1 tonne of oil. Hinrichs & Kleinbach tell us on p. 208 that oil contains 7 parts of carbon to 1 part of hydrogen by mass.

CO₂ (ppmv) = the increase in the atmospheric concentration of CO₂ from the burning of the fuel. In Table 13.1, p. 13:2, Bodansky tells us the burning of 2.13 GteC increases the atmospheric concentration of CO₂ by 1 ppm (part per million). This assumes all of CO₂ emitted into the atmosphere stays there. Currently, the concentration of CO₂ in the atmosphere is about 370 ppm. At the start of the industrial revolution in the late 1700’s, the CO₂ concentration was 280 ppm.

Show your sources of data and your calculations in the space below:

Now consider world natural gas. Fill in the following table:

NG

trillion cu ft

bbo equiv

GteC

CO₂ (ppm)

Economically Recoverable Resource Remaining (Futures)

Table 10.3 Bodansky:

9500

9500x10¹² cu ft x (1033 BTU/cu ft) x (1 bl/5.8 x 10⁶BTU) x ( 1 bbo/ 10⁹ bls) = 1692

9500 x 10¹² cu ft x 0.75 x (0.02 kg/cu ft) x (1 tonne/1000 kg) x (1 Gte/10⁹ tonnes) = 143

143/2.13 = 67

Proved (proven) Reserves

Table 7.1 Hinrichs & Kleinbach

5090

1692 x 5090/9500 = 907

143 x 5090/9500 = 76

76/2.13 = 36

Note:

bbo equiv = billion barrels of oil equivalent based on the energy of natural gas and oil. In Chapter 3, Bodansky gives the energy contents of 1 barrel of oil and 1 cubic foot (cu ft) of natural gas. These are the heating values. The mass of 1 cu ft of natural gas is 0.02 kg. By mass, natural gas is 75% carbon.

GteC and CO₂(ppm) remain as defined above.

Show your sources of data and your calculations in the space below:

Now consider world coal. Fill in the following table:

COAL

trillion

short tons (tons)

bbo equiv

GteC

CO₂ (ppm)

Resource according to Bodansky

Section 10.7 Bodansky:

10

Section 10.7 Bodansky:

40,000

10 x 10¹² tons x (0.909 tonnes/ton) x 0.65 x (1 Gte/10⁹ tonnes) = 5900

5900/2.13 = 2770

Proved (proven) Reserves

Table 7.1 Hinrichs & Kleinbach

1.09

40,000 x 1.09/10 = 4400

5900 x 4400/40,000 = 650

650/2.13 = 305

Note:

There are 0.909 tonnes in one short ton.

By mass, on average coal is about 65% carbon. [The balance is hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, rock (mineral matter), and moisture.]

bbo equiv, GteC, and CO₂(ppm) remained as defined above.

Show your sources of data and your calculations in the space below:

Comment on what you believe to be the most striking results in the tables you have generated.

The barrels-of-oil equivalent of natural oil is similar to that of oil.

Oil and natural gas resources are much less than those of coal. On the basis of barrels-of-oil equivalents, the coal resource is 10 times that of oil+natural gas.

Burning of all of the oil and natural during this century would increase the CO₂ content of the atmosphere by about 100 to 150 ppm. (We will learn later how quickly this CO₂ would be removed from the atmosphere.)

Burning of a significant fraction of the plant’s coal resource (over several centuries) would greatly increase the CO₂ of the planet’s atmosphere. (Even with CO₂ removal factored in, the increase would be at least several hundred, and possibly 1000, ppm’s.)

OIL	bbo	GteC	CO₂ (ppm)
Economically Recoverable Resource Remaining (Futures)	Table 10.1 Bodansky: 1400	1400x10⁹ bls x (7/8) x (1 tonne/7.33 bls) x (1 Gte/10⁹ tonnes) = 167	167 GteC x (1 ppm/2.13 Gte) = 78
Proved (proven) Reserves	Table 7.1 Hinrichs & Kleinbach 1020	167 x 1020/1400 = 122	122/2.13 = 57

NG	trillion cu ft	bbo equiv	GteC	CO₂ (ppm)
Economically Recoverable Resource Remaining (Futures)	Table 10.3 Bodansky: 9500	9500x10¹² cu ft x (1033 BTU/cu ft) x (1 bl/5.8 x 10⁶BTU) x ( 1 bbo/ 10⁹ bls) = 1692	9500 x 10¹² cu ft x 0.75 x (0.02 kg/cu ft) x (1 tonne/1000 kg) x (1 Gte/10⁹ tonnes) = 143	143/2.13 = 67
Proved (proven) Reserves	Table 7.1 Hinrichs & Kleinbach 5090	1692 x 5090/9500 = 907	143 x 5090/9500 = 76	76/2.13 = 36

COAL	trillion short tons (tons)	bbo equiv	GteC	CO₂ (ppm)
Resource according to Bodansky	Section 10.7 Bodansky: 10	Section 10.7 Bodansky: 40,000	10 x 10¹² tons x (0.909 tonnes/ton) x 0.65 x (1 Gte/10⁹ tonnes) = 5900	5900/2.13 = 2770
Proved (proven) Reserves	Table 7.1 Hinrichs & Kleinbach 1.09	40,000 x 1.09/10 = 4400	5900 x 4400/40,000 = 650	650/2.13 = 305