Psychosocial adjustment during pregnancy: the experience of mature gravidas (Stark, JOGNN, 1997)
N=64 older gravidas (> 35), 46 younger gravidas (< 32) in third trimester
Lederman prenatal self evaluation questionnaire - examines conflicts for 7 steps
In general conflicts about maternal role were similar in both groups
Older gravidas had less concern about fear of helplessness and loss of control in labor - regardless of parity