I. TITIUS LIVIUS (59 BCE to 17 CE)                                                            Sbragia Th Week 2

•         Title: Ab urbe condita libri A.U.C. = from the founding of the city
•         Founding legends: Regal period (753-509 BCE) 7 kings
•                  Overthrow of kings and foundation of republic

Livy: opening statement on purpose and method (Book I)

I invite the reader’s attention to the kind of lives our ancestors lived …I would then have him
trace the process of our moral decline, to watch, first, the sinking of the foundations of morality
as the old teaching was allowed to lapse, then the rapidly increasing disintegration, then the
final collapse of the edifice, and the dark dawning of our modern day when we can neither
endure our vices nor face the remedies needed to cure them.  The study of history is the best
medicine for a sick mind; for in history you can find for yourself and your country both examples
and warnings; fine things to take as models, base things, rotten through and through to avoid.

Telling Stories about Rome
•         Palimpsest
•         (Dis)similitudo temporis (difference between times)
•         Virtue [mores maiorum or customs of the ancestors ] versus Vice
•         Character and moral exempla
•         (Re)founding / urbs recondita [refounding of the city]
•         Growth through incorporation / anxiety about the foreign
•         Conservation / Innovation through Accretion

II. SEVEN ROMAN KINGS (753-509 BCE): regal period
•         first four kings establish Rome: alternating virtues of virtus and pietas/religio

Romulus: warrior king (virtus = manliness, including military ability)
            -establishes basic institution: army, Senate; pomerium (sacred boundary on Palatine),
                    borrows from Greeks and Etruscans -- lictors and curule chair
            -growth through assimilation, mob, rape of Sabines
            -deification as Quirinus
Numa Pompilius: priestly king (pietas, religio)
            -Sabine, founder of Roman state religion and priesthoods; Temple of Janus
Tullus Hostilius: warrior king (ferox)
            -destroyed Alba Longa (Horatii vs. Curiatii)
            -dies due to improper religious procedures
Ancus Marcius: grandson of Numa,synthesis of warrior and priestly kings
            -establishes religious observances in times of war

ETRUSCAN KINGS (616-509 BCE) Period of instense urbanization:
       Building projets: Capitoline Temple to Jupiter, Circus Maximus, Cloaca Maxima, draining & paving Forum,
       Political atmosphere: last Kings similar to Greek Tyrants; foreign, negative female influence
Lucius Tarquinius Priscus (Lucumo)
            -Etruscan/Corinthian (Greek) origins; married to Tanaquil
          -sons of Ancus Marcius conspire to kill him
Servius Tullius (slave origins)
            -Servian wall, Census and Centuriate Assembly
            -killed by his daughter (Tullia) and son-in-law

EXPULSION OF ETRUSCAN KINGS and FOUNDING OF REPUBLIC (509 BCE)

Lucius Tarquinius Superbus  (his son is Sextus Tarquinius)
            -corruption and cruelty lead to rebellion
•         Rape of Lucretia by Sextus Tarquinius and her suicide; public/private.
•         Lucius Junius Brutus leads rebellion against Tarquin Kings
               serves as 1st consul of Republic with Collatinus (husband of Lucretia)
•         Brutus orders execution of his own sons for rebellion against Republic (severitas)

III. TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE:  major influences are Etruscan and Greek (covered in Week I)

TEMPLE: “house” for statue of deity; not for congregation or worship (unlike Christian churches)
Religious rites involved propitiating the gods: sacrifices were offered to maintain peace with gods, or pax deorum,
also to bind the gods which is source of the word religio.  Ritual as a body of rules or jus divinum (divine law),
ordaining what had to be done or avoided.  Emphasis on correct performance of ritual in order to control
events in the world (military and personal). No moral content and no concept ofsalvation, only fame.

GREEK TEMPLE: post and lintel construction: vertical columns with horizontal beam; built of marble
                          peripetal columns:  columns surround entire building, no visible front or back
Columnar orders:      Greek = Doric, Ionic, Corinthian
                                 Roman = Tuscan and Composite (in addition to Greek orders)

ETRUSCAN TEMPLE A tall podium, deep porch with two rows of columns at the front of the building only.
A single entrance from the front, emphasis is frontal.  At the back of the temple, sanctuary to the god,
called cella (often 3 cellas), with statues of god/s inside.  Built in wood, mud brick, terracotta; none survive

ROMAN TEMPLE OF PORTUNUS (or TEMPLE OF FORTUNA VIRILIS):  prototype of Roman temples
               Roman eclecticism; second half of 2^nd century BC, combines Etruscan and Greek elements
               Greek: pseudoperipetal: has “engaged columns”(Ionic) on exterior of cella wall; stone building
               Etruscan: high podium, deep porch, frontal approach up a flight of steps, cella in back of building