16 C PAPACY, REFORMATION, ITALIAN WARS, SACK OF ROME 1527
Alexander VI Borgia (1492-1503) Spaniard, effort to leave Papal to
son Cesare Borgia (Duke Valentino) head of papal armies
= Machiavelli's hero: man of action, hope to unify Italy
daughter Lucrezia Borgia married in ceremony in Vatican
Julius II della Rovere (1503-1513)
"warrior Pope," personally directs Papal troops in battle
conquest of Bologna; expands boundaries of Papal States
Erasmus' pacifistic treatise: (from Julius Exclusus Heaven)
Leo X Medici (1513-1521) election demonstrates restored Medici power
traditional alliance of Popes & Florence strengthened
raises money to finance construction of new St. Peter's by sale of indulgences
Indulgence: remission of temporal punishment due to sin (in this life or in Purgatory)
by drawing on the spiritual "treasury of merits" of Christ and the Apostles
Pope is able to access these merits because he has "keys of the Kingdom."
LUTHERAN REFORMATION IN GERMANY: 16th C
1517 Luther's 95 Theses against Indulgences (time off from Purgatory)
written to oppose sale of indulgences to finance new St. Peter's
John Tetzel: oversees the sale of indulgences in Saxony
1521 Diet of Worms: excommunication of Luther is confirmed by Emperor
beginning of the Lutheran Reformation (Germany and Scandinavia)
permanent split in the western church: Rome put on the defensive
Hadrian VI (1522-23)
Dutch Pope; last non-ltalian pope until 20th C. Polish Pope
Clement VII Medici (1523-34)
prisoner during Sack of Rome (1527) in Castel Sant'Angelo
by the German troops of Emperor Charles V Hapsburg
Paul III (1534-1549) Farnese, Roman family, builds Palazzo Farnese
his sister Giulia Farnese was mistress of Borgia Pope Alexander VI
finally calls Council of Trent (1543-63) (off Campo dei Fiori)
Dwarfing of italy, 1494-1527 - French Spanish and German armies in Italy
French (Valois) invasions of Italy:
1494 Charles VIII
1498 Louis XII called in by Venice against Milan
1515 Francis I -victory at Marignano, occupation of Milan
defeated at Pavia 1525 by Charles V
1519 Imperial election: Hapsburg Charles I of Spain
becomes Emperor Charles V of Holy Roman Empire
Leo X makes alliance with Charles V against France
Hapsburg - Valois Wars 1522-1529
1522-4 struggle for Milan between France & Empire
1525 BATTLE OF PAVIA: Imperial victory, Francis taken prisoner
Pope & Italian states begin to fear Imperial victory
1526 LEAGUE OF COGNAC: broad alliance against Charles V by
France, Papacy, Italians (Milan, Florence, Venice)
due to fear of Imperial power taking over all of Italy
(note that Papacy has now changed sides from Empire to France
which seriously annoyed Emperor Charles V, leading to
1527 SACK OF ROME: walls breached, occupation of city lasts eight months
Spanish and German Imperial troops, many Lutheran
occupy the Vatican, used to house troops; city ransacked
worst Sack of city in terms of people killed (8,000 dead in first few days)
Pope Clement VII (Medici) prisoner in Castel Sant'Angelo
1527 invasion of Italy by Hapsburg troops at war with France & Pope;
overthrow of Medici (allies of Pope); restored as Grand Dukes 1530
1530 Charles V finally crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Clement VII
ceremony held in Bologna because Rome is disaster zone
16th C: COUNTER REFORMATION ROME
1512
LATERAN COUNCIL in Rome
decrees against simony (buying, selling
church offices)
financial & moral corruption
1537
Advice on Reforming the Church
commission appointed by Pope Paul III
transitional
"Janus Pope" - looking forward & back
father
of several illegitimate children, later reformed
Roman family, builder of Farnese Palace
denunciation of city
of Rome as “brothel”
COUNTER
REFORMATION INSTITUTIONS:
1) COUNCIL OF TRENT 1545-63
general
council called to reform Church in response to
Protestant Reformation
2) ROMAN INQUISITION: jurisdiction only in Italy
founded in 1542 by Gian Pietro Carafa (later Pope)
modeled on Spanish Inquisition (founded in 1478)
directed against Protestant
heretics:
Lutherans, Calvinists, Anabaptists
famous trials: Galileo Galilei 1630-33: heliocentrism as heresy
Giordano Bruno 1598-1600: plurality of worlds
statue
in Campo dei Fiori 1898
3) INDEX OF FORBIDDEN BOOKS 1559-1960
4) SOCIETY OF JESUS, or JESUIT ORDER (S.J.)
founded by Ignatius Loyola, Spanish
goal is reconversion of Europe, missionary activity
Rome: Church of Il Gesu
SIXTUS V 1585-90 renovation of city of Rome; obelisks