Topics:

• General
• TEK and Contemporary Resource Management
• TEK and the Search for New Medical and Food Sources

General

Carter, D. (1993)
Recognizing Traditional Environmental Knowledge. IDRC Reports Magazine. 21.

A review of the book "Lore: capturing Traditional Environmental Knowledge," this article briefly summarizes many of the key issues discussed in the book through an interview with the editor, Martha Johnson.

Cochran, P. A. L. (1997)
Traditional Knowledge Systems in the Arctic. Bering Sea Ecosystem Workshop, Anchorage, Alaska.

As a presentation to the US Department of the Interior and NOAA for the Bering Sea Ecosystem workshop, this article gives an excellent overview of some of the key concepts and issues of TEK. Cochran lays out a comparison of indigenous knowledge systems versus scientific knowledge systems. She explains how Arctic traditional knowledge systems are structured, and addresses the issue of ownership and control of traditional knowledge. Lastly, there is a brief list of guidelines to follow when trying to access traditional knowledge.

Merculieff, I. L. (1997)
Presentation of Larry Merculieff. Center for Marine Conservation Conference on the Bering Sea Ecosystem.

Meaningful linkages need to be built between the worldviews surrounding traditional knowledge and wisdom (TKW) and western science. TKW provides insights into the health of ecosystems, a case supporting why this way of knowing should be used in cooperation with western science in management. With a vision of stewardship for the Bering Sea, Merculieff recommends many areas for future research and development, both in collaborating these worldviews and in building the linkages among indigenous communities.

back to the top of the annotated bibliography

TEK and Contemporary Resource Management

Bielawski, E. (1996)
Inuit Indigenous Knowledge and Science in the Arctic. In Naked Science: Anthropological Inquiry into Boundaries, Power, and Knowledge. L. Nader. New York, Routledge. Also in Northern Perspectives (1992) 20(1): 5-8.

Bielawski examines a basic component of the relationship of TEK to modern resource management: the interactions between Native peoples and natural scientists. Noting that current co-management of Arctic wildlife and other resources seeks to combine the expertise of both scientists and Native land users, she writes, "the model and process for co-management is primarily Western, scientific, and bureaucratic". Using a philosophy of science approach, Bielawski compares Inuit knowledge with Arctic science. She states that a realist approach, rather than a relativist one, allows that both science and Inuit knowledge can contribute to understanding the Arctic. A fundamental contrast between these two knowledge bases is that the Inuit do not separate people from nature while Arctic scientists do. Bielawski finds that this contrast has resulted in incomplete science, management that is detrimental to the Inuit, and numerous conflicts between Inuit and scientists. Bielawski concludes by examining some of the methods used to integrate Inuit and scientific knowledge. She states that although projects involving indigenous knowledge are becoming more common, results rarely enter the larger body of scientific literature, and, as a result, Arctic scientists (not including social scientists) have widely differing views on the content and utility of Inuit knowledge.

Christie, P. and A. White (1997)
Trends in Development of Coastal Area Management in Tropical Countries: From Central to Community Orientation. Coastal Management 25: 155-181.

This article is quite unique in its emphasis on the historical background of the recent emergence of a management paradigm that stresses the use of TEK. Christie and White provide a comprehensive discussion of the history and development of coastal management in tropical countries. They identify precolonial, centralized, community based, and collaborative coastal management as forms of management that have evolved into what is today known as "integrated coastal management". Centralized management, emerging out of colonialism, emphasized the exclusive role of central government in management and paid little or no attention to local knowledge or management practices. Community based coastal management emerged in the 1980s as a critique of and response to the recognition of alternative knowledge systems; cross-cultural education for Western scientists and indigenous peoples; political recognition of indigenous claims to land and resources in order to fully involve indigenous peoples in the design and production of future management plans.

Johnson, M., Ed. (1992)
Lore: Capturing Traditional Environmental Knowledge. Ottawa, Ontario, Dene Cultural Institute and the International Development Research Centre.

The result of a workshop on the documentation and application of TEK in community-based research, this book provides a detailed overview of issues surrounding the topic of Traditional Ecological Knowledge, followed by a series of case studies.

Canada's North: In the first paper, Martha Johnson and Robert Ruttan describe and evaluate the Dene Cultural Institute pilot project. The immediate goal of this project is to document traditional knowledge as quickly as possible before it disappears with the loss of the current generation of elders. In the future the gathered information will be used in environmental management, with precise applications yet to be determined. Miriam McDonald Fleming reports on the Belcher Island Adaptive Reindeer Management Project, a co-management initiative that has successfully integrated Inuit knowledge and Western science. The goals of this project are to ensure that the knowledge used in decision-making is as complete as possible and to demonstrate the nature and utility of Inuit environmental knowledge to a wider community of policymakers, wildlife-managers and scientists.

The South Pacific: Graham Baines and Edvard Hviding describe the Marovo Lagoon Resource Management Project of the Solomon Islands of which the documentation of TEK is a key element. The authors discuss the importance of the project's reciprocity, with visiting scientists and Marovo experts exchanging knowledge, information, and skills related to local resource management.

The African Sahel: Rhiannon Barker and Nigel Cross present a report on the Sahel Oral History Project, documenting how traditional knowledge about ecological change and past agricultural and conservation techniques directly benefits the implementation of a community forestry program. The project's goals include recording indigenous knowledge, involving local people directly in the research process, and developing a practical methodology for incorporating TEK into all aspects of the project.

Northern Thailand: Leo Alting von Gesau, Sanit Wongprasert, and Prasert Trakansupakon present some of the work of the Mountain People's Culture and Development Educational Programme. Initiated by the Akha, the project is intended to document TEK as quickly as possible before it is lost and apply it to local development and resource management issues.

Seeley, M. K. (1998)
Can science and community action connect to combat desertification? Journal of Arid Environments 39: 267-277.

This article presents an interesting, recent case of attempts to integrate indigenous knowledge in government management projects. Seely presents a brief history of the Namibia's Programme to Combat Desertification. Very recently, Seely states, scientists and decision-makers have realized that little can be done to reverse processes of desertification without the full participation of the farmers, pastoralists, and other resource users being affected by desertification. As the management paradigm has shifted from science to community action, more emphasis has been placed on the importance of indigenous knowledge as a source of information. Seely notes that despite this recent acknowledgement of the value of indigenous knowledge, scientists are not fully responsive to it, "nor can they be under current conditions of funding and institutional structure." Thus, while indigenous knowledge has come to be recognized as a subject of study, it is usually not considered as a source of solutions to problems of natural resource management. Seely concludes that while indigenous knowledge is a key component of the process of connecting science and community action, without the "full participation" of local people, indigenous knowledge remains just a topic of study or a vehicle for communicating the results of science to local people.

Williams, N. M. and G. Baines, Eds. (1993)
Traditional Ecological Knowledge: wisdom for sustainable development. Canberra, Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies, Australian National University.

Williams and Baines' volume is the result of a 1988 workshop on traditional ecological knowledge which was, in part, a reaction to the polarized literature on TEK in the 1980s which often tended to either romanticize traditional knowledge or discount it. The workshop is something of a landmark in that it was one of the first attempts to demonstrate how, in practice, TEK could be applied to contemporary development and resource management. The book demonstrates that early interest in TEK and TEK research was clearly linked to applied concerns.

The first section of the book, "What is Traditional Ecological Knowledge," includes a series of essays by Henry Lewis, Eugene Hunn, and Chris Healey. The essays define and describe traditional ecological knowledge and some of its general applications to conservation and resource management.

The next section, "Approach and Method," presents some of the methodological issues involved in the investigation, documentation, and application of TEK, including: the interdisciplinary nature of TEK studies; the importance of community-researcher partnerships; and the need for environmental and ecological expertise on the part of the TEK researcher.

"Case Studies" offers a series of examples of the use of TEK in Australia and New Guinea, including the modern management applications of aboriginal knowledge of fire use and the environmental expertise of traditional land users.

back to the top of the annotated bibliography

TEK and the Search for New Medical and Food Sources

Alcorn, J. B. (1995)
The Scope and Aims of Ethnobotany in a Developing World, in Ethnobotany: Evolution of a Discipline. Dioscorides Press: Portland, Oregon, p.23-39.

Alcorn defines the applied goals of ethnobotany as "development of new plant-derived products; new or improved cultigens; and natural-resource-conservative, sustained-yield agroecosystems adapted to meet local needs and conditions." She states the study and documentation of TEK must provide benefits for the local indigenous community that created and maintained it as well as the global community. An anthropological analysis of human/environmental relationships will lead to a greater understanding of how TEK was generated and its implications for development models that address local, regional and national needs. Alcorn connects successful, sustainable resource management with strong, local common property programs that have the support of the nation-state they occur in.

Martin, G. J. (1995)
Ethnobotany, conservation and community development, in Ethnobotany: A Methods Manual. Chapman and Hall: London, p.223-251.

The last chapter of Martin's ethnobotany manual addresses how researchers who study and document traditional environmental knowledge can use this knowledge in ways that also benefit the community that created and sustained that information. It also provides guidelines for scientists who will be conducting ethnobotanical research on how to work ethically with local people and scientists from the host country.

Martin drew on projects being conducted globally to return benefits to the communities that provided the knowledge. Possible programs covered a variety of areas. Some were educational e.g., documenting TEK and making it accessible to younger community members, through various media, so the knowledge will continue to be passed to future generations. Another option is using methods that employ TEK in the design of conservation programs that will protect biodiversity and provide economic returns for the community. An additional approach has been the support of health care through utilization of medicinal knowledge generated through TEK in the communities that generated that knowledge. Also by using funds generated by this knowledge to finance health care clinics in the local communities that combine traditional healing methods with appropriate health care practices from industrialized nations.

For true collaborative work to happen the rights and obligations of foreign scientists, host country scientists and local people must be negotiated so all parties are acknowledged and respected. Martin presents a model that delineates ethical collaboration between scientists and local people and assumes scientists will be accountable to the people they are working with.

Nabhan, G. P. (1997)
Let Us Now Praise Native Crops: An American Cornucopia, in Cultures of Habitat: On Nature, Culture, and Story. Counterpoint: Washington D.C., p.209-223.

This chapter focuses on the diversity and value of agroecosystems of Native North American farmers. Nabhan notes the differences in indigenous cultivation and harvesting practices from those of European colonialists and contemporary industrial agriculture. He goes on to explain why practices evolved through many generations of experimentation and observation within a particular cultural and physical environment would be valuable for all of us.

While Nabhan demonstrates the value of traditional environmental knowledge for a broader, more diverse community he does not believe we simply have the right to appropriate this information. He states that marketing indigenous crops as novelty foods that would come and go quickly as fads would be a mistake. The native crops deserve to remain as "colorful and nutritious ingredients of truly American cuisines." He also advocates reviving these crops in the native communities where they originated and where they would go to feed tribal members first with any surplus available for sale to other communities.

Nabhan is director and co-founder of Native Seeds/SEARCH an agri-conservation organization that maintains seed banks of indigenous plants of the American Southwest, along with other geographical areas. These seeds are provided at no charge to any native groups that wish to grow them.

Nabhan, G., Donna House, Humberto Suzan A., Wendy Hodgson, Luís Hernández S., and Guadalupe Malda (1991)
Conservation and Use of Rare Plants by Traditional Cultures of the U.S./ México Borderlands, in Biodiversity: Culture, Conservation, and Ecodevelopment. Edited by Margery Oldfield and Janis Alcorn. Westview Press: Boulder, Colorado, p.127-146.

This article is based on a study of threatened or endangered plant species located on either side of the U.S./Mexican border in order to track biodiversity losses and determine how to sustain the plants that are in danger. Many of the plants that are losing ground have traditionally been food and medicine for the indigenous populations located in areas where the plants grow. These plant species have thrived in marginal areas due to human intervention and can provide food and medicine resources today as well as pointing to conservation practices that are useful.

Nabhan et al maintain that plant conservation in these instances is closely linked to cultural practices of the groups that have traditionally used them and these groups must be incorporated into any cohesive conservation effort. It was also concluded that present socio-economic forces have a significant impact on cultural practices so new ways of relating to threatened plant species must be incorporated with more traditional ones. One approach that was mentioned was the creation of a plant nursery close to the site where a number of endangered cacti had been overharvested. This provided an economic incentive for local people to work to preserve the cacti and resist its exploitation by outside collectors.

Plotkin, M. (1993)
Tales of a Shaman's Apprentice. Penguin Books: New York.

Plotkin's work would be located at the opposite end of the continuum from Toledo's in the discourse concerning traditional environmental knowledge as a resource for new food and medicine sources. While Toledo speaks of nationalizing documented ethnobiological knowledge and using the resource to create national self-sufficiency and self-determination for marginalized Indian groups, Plotkin advocates documenting as much TEK as possible for its potential benefits as food and medicine sources. He also acknowledges some compensation should be returned to the indigenous people who provide the information in the form of financial returns and providing a copy of what has been documented to the herbalist who taught the healing properties associated with the particular plants. This falls considerably short of the possibilities outlined in Gary Martin's work. Plotkin's methodology also would not fit in Martin's guidelines for ethical scientific fieldwork. He used whatever means he could to manipulate or his consultants into revealing the information Plotkin wanted. This approach is reminiscent of the anthropological research conducted earlier in this century that has created a more difficult environment today.

Posey, D. (1990)
Intellectual Property Rights: What is the Position of Ethnobiology? Journal of Ethnobiology 10(1): 93-98.

This was a position paper included in the Journal of Ethnobiology just prior to the Second International Congress of Ethnobiology in October 1990. It was included without the usual process of peer review because the editor felt, since IPR was a multi-faceted and important issue, all opinions should be presented and discussed before the Congress addressed these concerns. Posey presents statistics indicating significant profits for industry and business as a result of indigenous knowledge about plants' medicinal properties and food crop resources. He frames the use of TEK, without compensation to indigenous people, as "the latest - and ultimate - neo-colonial form of exploitation of native peoples." Posey also connects the right of all native peoples to survive with their need for access to land rights and control of the resources connected with that ecosystem. He believes it is essential to value in situ conservation, promote products derived from these habitats, acknowledge that indigenous peoples understand how to manage these habitats in a rational way, and compensate indigenous peoples' TEK through IPR guarantees.

Reid, W., Sarah Laird, Rodrigo Gámez, Ana Sittenfeld, Daniel Janzen, Michael Gollin, and Calestous Juma (1993)
A New Lease on Life, in Biodiversity Prospecting: Using Genetic Resources for Sustainable Development. World Resources Institute: USA.

This article addresses the need to ensure that when biological resources are commercialized the resultant process supports conservation of biodiversity. This would be accomplished through adherence to a variety of principles. Reid et al state that intermediary organizations are a key component to ensuring biodiversity prospecting will contribute to conservation and find means to meet local and national cultural and economic needs. These intermediaries would research and document local biodiversity and negotiate ways to utilize this resource beneficially for all parties involved. Contracts, land rights, and legal guarantees would also help ensure a beneficial arrangement for native peoples whose resources are being utilized. Finally, technology policies developed by the host countries, and national and international laws to protect the rights of indigenous groups involved in biological resource development, could support appropriate compensation and investment in ongoing conservation.

Toledo, V. M. (1997)
New Paradigms for a New Ethnobotany: Reflections on the Case of Mexico, in Ethnobotany: Evolution of a Discipline. Dioscorides Press: Portland, Oregon, p.75-88.

Ethnobotanical research developed within a particular socio-political context in Mexico, which has led to a methodology that incorporates a concern for social justice. Toledo discusses the attitudes of ethnobiologists who question the universality and political neutrality of science and challenge the idea that a researcher's work and the knowledge produced from it can be considered more valuable than the economic interests of the country and the various social classes involved. This has led to the view that TEK that has been researched and documented should be nationalized in order to use this knowledge in ways that would help the country become self-sufficient in the production of food and medicine. To support indigenous groups' struggle for survival some Mexican ethnobotanical researchers make an effort to return the benefits of their work in some way to the communities studied or ensure indigenous people are the ones researching their own traditional knowledge.

back to the top of the annotated bibliography

back to the top of the bibliography page 

Abele, F. (1997)
Traditional Knowledge in Practice. Arctic 50(4): iii-iv.

Agrawal, A. (1995)
Dismantling the Divide Between Indigenous and Scientific Knowledge. Development and Change 26 (3): 413-419.

Alaska Department of Fish and Game (1997)
Traditional Ecological Knowledge Handbook: a training manual and reference guide on method and theory in research on traditional ecological knowledge from research design through collection of information and analysis to reporting. July 1, 1997. Draft.

Alcorn, J. B. (1995)
The Scope and Aims of Ethnobotany in a Developing World, in Ethnobotany: Evolution of a Discipline. Dioscorides Press: Portland, Oregon, p.23-39.

Amihan-Vega, B. (1994)
Local Knowledge Systems in the Post-green Revolution Era: Some Empirical Dilemmas, in Indigenous Knowledge and Sustainable Development in the Philippines: Proceedings of a Workshop held at the International Institute of Rural Reconstruction. June 24-26, 1992. Edited by L. Capistrano-Doren and E. Mathias. Silang, Cavite, Philippines: the International Institute of Rural Reconstruction (IIRR). ISBN 0-942717-48-1. 17-25.

Anderson, G. (1996)
Ecologies of the Heart: emotion, belief, and the environment. New York: Oxford University Press. 256 pp.

Andrews, T. A. (1988)
Selected Bibliography of Native Resource Management Systems and Native Knowledge of the Environment, in Traditional Knowledge and Renewable Resource Management in Northern Regions. Edited by M. M. R. Freeman and L. N. Carbyn. Edmonton: Canadian Circumpolar Institute. 105-124.

Appleton, H., M. E. Fernandez, C. L. M. Hill, and C. Quiroz (1995)
Claiming and Using Indigenous Knowledge, in Missing Links: Gender Equity in Science and Technology for Development. Edited by Gender Working Group, United Nations Commission on Science and Technology for Development. Ottawa : International Development Research Centre in association with Intermediate Technology Publications and UNIFEM, 55-81.

Arctic Institute of North America and Joint Secretariat of the Inuvialuit Renewable Resource Committees (1996)
Traditional Knowledge and the Environmental Assessment Process, in Circumpolar Aboriginal People and Co-management Practice: Current Issues in Co-management and Environmental Assessment, Inuvik, Northwest Territories, November 20-24, 1995. Calgary, Alberta: Arctic Institute of North America. 112-119.

Aumeeruddy, Y. (1994)
Local representations and management of agroforests on the periphery of Kerinci Seblat National Park Sumatra, Indonesia. Paris: UNESCO. People and Plants Working Paper No.3.

back to the top of the standard bibliography

Baffrey, M., C. Cowles, V. Elloitt, T. Holder, W. Horowitz, T. Newbury and S. Treacy (1997)
MMS Alaska Arctic Environmental Studies: Melding Science and Traditional Ecological Knowledge for Future Offshore Oil and Gas Development Decisions. Arctic Research of the United States spring/summer(11): 4-9.

Baines, G. and N. Williams, Eds. (1993)
Partnerships in Tradition and Science. Canberra: Australia National University.

Berkes, F. (1993)
Traditional Ecological Knowledge in Perspective, in Traditional Ecological Knowledge. Concepts and Cases. Edited by J. Inglis. Ottawa: Canadian Museum of Nature and International Development Research Centre. 1-9.

Berkes, F. and T. Henley (1997)
Co-Management and Traditional Knowledge: Threat or Opportunity? Policy Options/Options Politiques March: 29-31.

Berkes, F. (1998)
Indigenous knowledge and resource management systems in the Canadian subarctic, in Linking Social and Ecological Systems: management practices and social mechanisms. Edited by F. Berkes and C. Folke, with the assisstance of J. Colding. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 98-128.

Berkes, F. (1999)
Sacred Ecology: traditional ecological knowledge and resource management. Philadelphia: Taylor and Francis. 209p.

BHP Diamonds Inc. and DIA MET Minerals Ltd. (1995)
NWT Diamonds Project Environmental Impact Statement. Environmental Impact Statement. Summary + 4 vols.

Bielawski, E. (1996)
Inuit Indigenous Knowledge and Science in the Arctic. In Naked Science: Anthropological Inquiry into Boundaries, Power, and Knowledge. L. Nader. New York, Routledge. Also in Northern Perspectives (1992) 20(1): 5-8.

Bowerbank, S. (1997)
Telling Stories about Places: local knowledge and narratives can improve decisions about the environment. Alternatives 23 (1): 28-33.

Brokensha, D., D. Warren and O. Werner, Eds. (1980)
Indigenous Knowledge Systems and Development. Washington, D.C.: University Press of America.

Brooke, L. F. (1993)
The Participation of Indigenous Peoples and the Application of Their Environmental and Ecological Knowledge in the Arctic Environmental Protection Strategy. Inuit Circumpolar Conference, Ottawa. 119 p.

Brush, S. B. (1993)
Indigenous Knowledge of Biological Resources and Intellectual Property Rights: The role of anthropology. American Anthropologist 95 (3): 653-686.

Brush, S. B. and D. Stabinsky (1996)
Valuing Local Knowledge: indigenous people and intellectual property rights. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.

Bulmer, R.N.H. (1982)
Traditional Conservation Practices in Papua New Guinea, in Traditional Conservation in Papua New Guinea: Implications for Today. Edited by L. Morauta, J. Pernetta, and W. Heaney. Monograph 16. Boroko: Institute of Applied Social and Economic Research.

Byers, T. (1996)
Inuvialuit Traditional Knowledge of Beluga Natural History. Byers Environmental Studies. Unpublished Report.

back to the top of the standard bibliography

Calamia, M. A. (1997)
Integrating Traditional Ecological Knowledge with Scientific Tools for Managing Hawaii's Coral Reefs. Currents 14(2): 16-34.

Calamia, M. A. (1999)
A methodology for incorporating traditional ecological knowledge with geographic information systems for marine resource management in the Pacific. SPC Traditional Marine Resource Management and Knowledge Information Bulletin (10): 2-12.

Capistrano-Doren, L. and E. Mathias, Eds. (1994)
Indigenous Knowledge and Sustainable Development in the Philippines: Proceedings of a Workshop held at the International Institute of Rural Reconstruction. June 24-26, 1992. Silang, Cavite, Philippines: the International Institute of Rural Reconstruction (IIRR). ISBN 0-942717-48-1.

Capp, J. C. and C. Jorgensen (1997)
Traditional Knowledge: Don't Leave the Future Without It, in Trans. 62nd North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference. 199-209.

Carter, D. (1993)
Recognizing Traditional Environmental Knowledge. IDRC Reports Magazine. 21.

Christie, P. and A. White (1997)
Trends in Development of Coastal Area Management in Tropical Countries: From Central to Community Orientation. Coastal Management 25: 155-181.

Cicin-Sain, B. and R. W. Knecht (1995)
Analysis of Earth Summit Prescriptions on Incorporating Traditional Knowledge in Natural Resource Management, in Property Rights and the Environment: Social and Ecological Issues. Edited by Susan Hanna and Mohan Munasinghe. Washington, D.C.: Beijer International Institute of Ecological Economics and The World Bank. 105-118.

Clark, F. P. (1996)
A Protocol for Acquiring, Using, and Disseminating Traditional Environmental Knowledge for Region 10, Alaska. Draft. United States Forest Service. 11pp.

Clark, F. P. (1997)
An Alaskan Cultural Confluence: Traditional Knowledge and Agency Management. Symposium on Human Dimensions of Natural Resource Management in the Americas. February 25 - March 1.

Clark, F. P. (1998)
Re-Generating Alaska: Alternative Knowledge Applications in the Greatland. Presentation at the Conference, Bridging Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Ecosystem Science, August 14-15, 1998, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona. 11pp.

Clément, D. (1998)
Innuat Utashinimuau: The Innu People's Rock. An Overview of Innu Knowledge of the Land With Special Reference to the Voisey's Bay Mine/Mill Project Site. Prepared for the Innu Nation. 168 p.

Clément, D. (1998)
L'Ethnobiologie / Ethnobiology. Anthropologica XL(1): 7-34.

Cochran, P. A. L. (1997)
Traditional Knowledge Systems in the Arctic. Bering Sea Ecosystem Workshop, Anchorage, Alaska.

Cole, D. (1992)
A Rapid Rural Appraisal Method of Research: Traditional Ecological Knowledge Use Among the Naskapi of Northeastern Quebec. Hull: Canadian Environmental Assessment Research Council (CEARC). Mimeo, 30 p.

Colorado, P. (1988)
Bridging Native and Western Science. Convergence 21 (213): 49-67.

Cunningham, A. B. (1991)
Indigenous Knowledge and Biodiversity: Global Commons or Regional Heritage? Cultural Survival Quarterly Summer: 4-8.

Cunningham, A. B. and F. T. Mbenkum (1993)
Sustainability of Harvesting Prunus africana bark in Cameroon. Paris: UNESCO. People and Plants Working Paper No. 2. 28 p.

back to the top of the standard bibliography

Dahl, A. L. (1989)
Traditional Environmental Knowledge and Resource Management in New Caledonia, in Traditional Ecological Knowledge: A Collection of Essays. Edited by R. E. Johannes. Gland: IUCN. 57-66.

Daniels, R. J. R. and J. Vencatesan (1995)
Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Sustainable Use of Natural Resources. Current Science 69 (7): 569-570.

De La Barre, K. and S. De La Barre (1993)
The Participation of Indigenous Peoples and the Application of Their Environmental and Ecological Knowledge in the Arctic Environmental Protection Strategy. A Selected and Annotated Bibliography. Inuit Circumpolar Conference, Ottawa. 101 p., 45 p., 15 p.

Dene Cultural Institute (1994)
Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Environmental Impact Assessment, in Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Environmental Impact Assessment. Edited by B. Sadler and P. Boothroyd. Hull: Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency. 5-19.

DeWalt, B. R. (1994)
Using Indigenous Knowledge to Improve Agricultural and Natural Resource Management. Human Organizations 53 (2): 123-131.

Donnelly-Roark, P. (1998)
Indigenous Knowledge Systems in Sub-Saharan Africa: An Overview. IK Notes 1: 1-4. This version modified by Donnelly-Roark from Annex 2 of publication, Perspectives on Indigenous Knowledge Systems in Southern Africa by Jeri Larson, 1998, Discussion Paper No. 3, Environment Group, Africa Region, World Bank and World Conservation Union (IUCN).

Duffield, C., J. S. Gardner, F. Berkes, and R. B. Singh (1998)
Local Knowledge in the Assessment of Resource Sustainability: Case Studies in Himachal Pradesh, India, and British Columbia, Canada. Mountain Research and Development 18(1): 35-49.

Dupuis, S. and P. LeBlanc (1995)
Bibliography on Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) and Environmental Assessment (EA), Draft. Hull: Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency (CEAA). Mimeo, 15 p.

Dyer, C. L. and J. R. McGoodwin, Eds. (1994)
Folk Management in the World's Fisheries. Niwot: University Press of Colorado.

back to the top of the standard bibliography

Emery, A. R. (1996)
The Participation of Indigenous Peoples and their Knowledge in Environmental Assessment and Development Planning. Centre for Traditional Knowledge. s.l., Mimeo, 59 p.

back to the top of the standard bibliography

Fals-Borda, O. and R. A. Rahman (1991)
Action and Knowledge: Breaking the monopoly with Participatory-Action Research. New York: Apex Press.

Fehr, A. and W. Hurst (1996)
A Seminar on Two Ways of Knowing: indigenous and scientific knowledge. Inuvik, Northwest Territories. November 15-17.

Feit, H. A. (1987)
Waswanipi Cree Management of Land and Wildlife: Cree Cultural Ecology Revisited, in Native Peoples: Native Lands. Edited by B.C. Coc. Ottawa: Carleton University Press. 75-91.

Feit, H. A. (1988)
Self-Management and State-Management: forms of knowing and managing northern wildlife, in Traditional Knowledge and Renewable Resource Management. Edited by M. M. R. Freeman and L. N. Carbyn. Edmonton: Boreal Institute for Northern Studies. 72-91.

Feit, H. A. (1998)
Reflections on Local Knowledge and Institutionalized Resource Management: differences, dominance and decentralization, in Aboriginal Environmental Knowledge in the North. Edited by L.-J. Dorais, M. Nagy, and L. Müller-Wille. Québec: GÉTIC. 123-148.

Felt, L. F. (1994)
Two Tales of a Fish: The Social Com\nstruction of Indigenous Knowoedge Among Atlantic Canadian Salmon Fishers, in Folk Managemnet in the World's Fisheries: Lessons from Modern Fisheries Management. Edited by C. L. Dyer and J. R. McGoodwin. Niwot: University of Colorado Press. 251-286.

Ferguson, M. and F. Messier (1997)
Collection and Analysis of Traditional Ecological Knowledge about a Population of Arctic Tundra Caribou. Arctic 50 (1): 17-28.

Ferguson, M. A. D., R. G. Williamson, and F. Messier (1998)
Inuit Knowledge of Long-term Changes in a Population of Arctic Tundra Caribou. Arctic 51(3): 201-219.

Freeman, M. M. R. and L. N. Carbyn, Eds. (1988)
Traditional Knowledge and Renewable Resource Management in Northern Regions. Occasional Publication. Edmonton, Alberta: Boreal Institute for Northern Studies.

Freeman, M. M. R. (1992)
The Nature and Utility of Tradtional Ecological Knowledge. Northern Perspectives 20 (1): 9-12.

Freeman, M.M.R. (1993)
Traditional Land Users as a Legitimate Source of Environmental Enterprise, in Traditional Ecological Knowledge: Wisdom for Sustainable Development. Edited by N. Williams and G. Baines. Canberra: Center for Resource and Environmental Studies, Australia National University. 153-161.

back to the top of the standard bibliography

Gadgil, M., F. Berkes, and C. Folke (1993)
Indigenous Knowledge for Biodiversity Conservation. Ambio 22(2): 151-156.

Geertz, C. (1992)
"Local Knowledge" and Its Limits: Some Obiter Dicta. The Yale Journal of Criticism 5(2): 129-135.

Grenier, L. (1998)
Working with Indigenous Knowledge: A Guide for Researchers. Ottawa: International Development Research Centre. 115 p.

Grof, S., M.D. (1993)
The Holotrophic Mind: The three levels of human consciousness and how they shape our lives. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, Inc.

Gunn, A., G. Arlooktoo and D. Kaomayak (1988)
The contribution of ecological knowledge of Inuit to wildlife management in the Northwest Territories, in Traditional Knowledge and Renewable Resource Management. Edited by M. M. R. Freeman and L. N. Carbyn. Edmonton: Boreal Institute for Northern Studies. 22-29.

back to the top of the standard bibliography

Habermas, J. (1986)
Knowledge and Human Interests. London: Heinemann.

Hanna, S. and M. Munasinghe, Eds. (1995)
Property Rights and the Environment: Social and Ecological Issues. Washington, D.C.: Beijer International Institute of Ecological Economics and The World Bank.

Healy, C. (1993)
The Significance and Application of TEK, in Traditional Ecological Knowledge: Wisdom for Sustainable Development. Edited by N. Williams and G. Baines. Canberra: Center for Resource and Environmental Studies, Australia National University. 21-26.

Hobsbawm, E. and T. Ranger (1984)
The Invention of Tradition. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 320pp.

Hobson, G. (1992)
Traditional Knowledge is Science. Northern Perspectives 20 (1): 2.

Horowitz, L. S. (1998)
Integrating Indigenous Resource Management with Wildlife Conservation : A Case Study of Batang Ai National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia. Human Ecology 26(3): 371-403.

Howard, A. and F. Widdowson (1996)
Traditional Knowledge Threatens Environmental Assessment. Policy Options/Options Politiques (November): 34-36.

Howard, A. and F. Widdowson (1997)
Revisiting Traditional Knowledge. Policy Options/Options Politiques April: 46-48.

Huber, T. and P. Pederson (no date)
Meteorological Knowledge and Environmental Ideas in Traditional and Modern Societies: the case of Tibet. The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute (N.S.)3: 577-598.

Hunn, E. (no date)
The Value of Subsistence for the Future of the World, in Ethnoecology: different takes and emergent properties. Edited by V. Nazarea. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.

Hunn, E. (1993)
What is Traditional Environmental Knowledge?, in Traditional Ecological Knowledge: wisdom for sustainable development. Edited by N. Williams and G. Baines. Canberra: Center for Resource and Environmental Studies, Australia National University. 13-15.

Hunn, E. (1993)
The Ethnobiological Foundation for Traditional Ecological Knowledge, in Traditional Ecological Knowledge: Wisdom for Sustainable Development. Edited by N. Williams and G. Baines. Canberra: Center for Resource and Environmental Studies, Australia National University. 16-20.

Huntington, H. P. and N. Mymrin (1996)
Traditional Ecological Knowledge of Beluga Whales: An Indigenous Knowledge Pilot Project in the Chukchi and Northern Bering Seas. Final Report. Anchorage, Alaska: Inuit Circumpolar Conference.

Huntington, H. P. (1998)
Observations on the utility of the semi-directive interview for documenting traditional ecological knowledge. Arctic 51(3): 237-242.

Huntington, H. P. (1998)
Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Beluga Whales. Cultural Survival Quarterly 22(3): 66-68.

Huntington, H. P. and the Communities of Buckland, Elim, Koyuk, Point Lay, and Shaktoolik (1999)
Traditional knowledge of the ecology of beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) in the eastern Chukchi and northern Bering Seas, Alaska. Arctic 52(1): 49-61.

back to the top of the standard bibliography

Inglis, J., Ed. (1993)
Traditional Ecological Knowledge. Concepts and Cases. Ottawa: Canadian Museum of Nature and International Development Research Centre.

Inglis, J. (1994)
Traditional Knowledge in Tropical Environments. Nature and Resources 30 (1): 1-37.

Inglis, J. (1994)
Traditional Knowledge into the Twenty-First Century. Nature and Resources 30 (2): 1-28.

Inuit Circumpolar Conference (1993)
The Participation of Indigenous Peoples and the Application of Their Environmental and Ecological Knowledge in the Arctic Environmental Protection Strategy. A Report on Findings.

IUCN (1986)
Tradition, Conservation, and Development. Occassional Newsletter of the Commission on Ecology's Working Group on Traditional Ecological Knowledge. Gland, Switzerland.

back to the top of the standard bibliography

Johannes, R. E. (1981)
Words of the Lagoon: Fishing and marine lore in the Palau district of Micronesia. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Johannes, R. E. (1981)
Working With Fishermen to Improve Coastal Tropical Fisheries and Resource Management. Bulletin of Marine Science 31(3): 673-680.

Johannes, R.E. (1984)
Traditional Conservation Methods and Protected Marine Areas in Oceania, in National Parks, Conservation, and Development: the role of protected areas in sustaining society. Proceedings of the World Congress on National Parks, Bali, Indonesia, 11-22 October 1982. Edited by J.A. McNeely and K.R. Miller, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources in cooperation with the United Nations Environment Programme, et al. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. 344-347.

Johannes, R. E. (1987)
Traditional Beliefs and Fisheries Management in Oceania. Naga, The ICLARM Quarterly 10 (4): 5.

Johannes, R. E., Ed. (1989)
Traditional Ecological Knowledge: A collection of essays. Gland: IUCN.

Johannes, R. E. (1993)
Integrating Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Management with Environmental Impact Assessment, in Traditional Ecological Knowledge: Concepts and Cases. Edited by J. T. Inglis. Ottawa: International Program on Traditional Ecological Knowledge and International Development Research Centre. 33-40.

Johannes, R.E. (1993)
Traditional Ecological Knowledge of Fishermen and Marine Hunters, in Traditional Ecological Knowledge: Wisdom for Sustainable Development. Edited by N. Williams and G. Baines. Canberra: Center for Resource and Environmental Studies, Australia National University. 144-146.

Johannes, R. E. (1993)
The plight of the osfish, or why quantitative sophistication is no substitute for asking the right questions. Naga, The ICLARM Quarterly January: 4-5.

Johannes, R. E. (1994)
The science of Pacific island peoples and marine resource management. Conference on the Science of the Pacific Island Peoples, University of the South Pacific: Suva, Fiji. 81-89.

Johannes, R. E. (1998)
The case for data-less marine resource management: examples from tropical nearshore fisheries. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 13 : 243-246.

Johnson, M. (1989)
The Role of Traditional Knowledge in Development, in Northern Hydrocarbon Development in the Nineties: A global perspective. Edited by F. Frankling. Carleton University, Geotechnical Science Laboratories. 29-32.

Johnson, M., Ed. (1992)
Lore: Capturing Traditional Environmental Knowledge. Ottawa: Dene Cultural Institute and International Development Research Centre.

Johnson, M. (1992)
Dene Traditional Knowledge. Northern Perspectives 20 (1): 3-5.

Johnson, M. and R. A. Ruttan (1993)
Traditional Dene Environmental Knowledge. A Pilot Project Conducted in Ft. Good Hope and Colville Lake, N.W.T. 1989-1993. Hay River, N.W.T.: Dene Cultural Institute. 309 p.

back to the top of the standard bibliography

Kaldor, K. D. (1995)
Exchanging Knowledge in the Real World: a discussion of Western science and traditional knowledge systems and their relevance in Northern resource management. MA Thesis. Fairbanks: University of Alaska.

Kalxdorff, S. B. (1997)
Collection of Local Knowledge regarding Polar Bear Habitat use in Alaska. Alaska: Fish and Wildlife Service, Marine Mammals Management, Region 7. Technical Report: MMM 97-2.

Kawagley, O. A. (1995)
A Yupiaq Worldview: A pathway to ecology and spirit. Prospect Heights: Waveland Press, Inc.

Krugley-Smolska, E. (1994)
An Examination of Some Difficulties in Integrating Western Science into Societies with an Indigenous Scientific Tradition. Interchange 25 (4): 325-334.

Kurien, J. (1998)
Traditional ecological knowledge and ecosystem sustainability: new meaning to Asian coastal proverbs. Ecological Applications 8(1): S2-S5.

back to the top of the standard bibliography

LaDuke, W. (1994)
Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Environmental Futures. Colorado Journal of International Environmental Law and Policy 5 (1): 127-148.

LaLonde, A. and S. Akhtar (1994)
Traditional Knowledge Research for Sustainable Development. Nature & Resources 30(2): 22-28.

back to the top of the standard bibliography

MacLachlan, L. et al. (1996)
NWT Diamonds Project. Report of the Environmental Assessment Panel. Hull: Minister of Supply and Services Canada, Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency. 88 p.

MacPherson, N. and G. Netro (1994)
Community Impact Assessment and Old Crow, Yukon, in Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Environmental Impact Assessment. Edited by B. Sadler and P. Boothroyd. Hull: Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency. 31-40.

Martin, G. J. (1995)
Ethnobotany, conservation and community development, in Ethnobotany: A Methods Manual. Chapman and Hall: London, p.223-251.

Martin, P. and S. Lockie (1993)
Environmental Information for Total Catchment Management: incorporating local knowledge. Australian Geographer 24 (1)

Merculieff, I. L. (1990)
Western Society's Linear Systems and Aboriginal Cultures: The need for two-way exchanges for the sake of survival. Sixth International Conference of Hunting and Gathering Societies, Fairbanks, Alaska.

Merculieff, I. L. (1994)
Establishing Rapport Between Indigenous Coastal Cultures and the Western Scientific Community, in Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium of the Conference of Asian and Pan-Pacific University Presidents. Edited by D.G. Shaw. Alaska Sea Grant College Program, University of Alaska Fairbanks. 29-35.

Merculieff, I. L. (1997)
Western Science and Traditional Knowledge and Wisdom: A Working Proposal for Cross-Cultural and Multi-Disciplinary Bering Sea Ecosystem Research. Presentation at the Bering Sea Ecosystem Workshop, December 4-5, 1997.

Merculieff, I. L. (1997)
Presentation of Larry Merculieff. Center for Marine Conservation Conference on the Bering Sea Ecosystem.

Mills, S., Ed. (1997)
Turning Away from Technology. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books.

Mymrin, N. I., the Communities of Novoe Chaplino, Sireniki, Uelen, and Yanrakinnot, and H. P. Huntington (1999)
Traditional knowledge of the ecology of beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) in the northern Bering Sea, Chukotka, Russia. Arctic 52(1): 62-70.

back to the top of the standard bibliography

Nabhan, G., Donna House, Humberto Suzan A., Wendy Hodgson, Luís Hernández S., and Guadalupe Malda (1991)
Conservation and Use of Rare Plants by Traditional Cultures of the U.S./ México Borderlands, in Biodiversity: Culture, Conservation, and Ecodevelopment. Edited by Margery Oldfield and Janis Alcorn. Westview Press: Boulder, Colorado, p.127-146.

Nabhan, G. P. (1997)
Let Us Now Praise Native Crops: An American Cornucopia, in Cultures of Habitat: On Nature, Culture, and Story. Counterpoint: Washington D.C., p.209-223.

Nader, L., Ed. (1996)
Naked Science: Anthropological Inquiry into Boundaries, Power, and Knowledge. New York: Routledge.

Nakashima, D. (1990)
Application of Native Knowledge in EIA: Inuit, Eiders and Hudson Bay Oil. Ottawa: Canadian Environmental Assessment Research Council. 29 p.

Nakashima, D. (1991)
The Ecological Knowledge of Belcher Island Inuit: A Traditional Basis for Contemporary Wildlife Co-management. Ph.D. Dissertation. Montreal: McGill University, Geography. 369 pp.

Nakashima, D. (1993)
Astute Observers on the Sea Ice Edge: Inuit knowledge as a basis for Arctic co-management, in Traditional Ecological Knowledge: Concepts and Cases. Edited by J. T. Inglis. Ottawa: International Program on Traditional Ecological Knowledge and International Development Research Centre. 99-110.

Nazarea-Sandoval, V. D. (1995)
Local knowledge and agricultural decision making in the Philippines: class, gender, and resistance. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. 226 pp.

Nazarea, V. D., Ed. (1999)
Ethnoecology: situated knowledge/located lives. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. 299pp.

Neitschmann, B. (1984)
Indigenous Island People, Living Resources, and Protected Areas, in National Parks, Conservation, and Development: the role of protected areas in sustaining society. Proceedings of the World Congress on National Parks, Bali, Indonesia, 11-22 October 1982. Edited by J.A. McNeely and K.R. Miller, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources in cooperation with the United Nations Environment Programme, et al. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. 333-343.

Nelson, R. K. (1993)
Understanding Eskimo Science. Audubon September-October: 102-109.

Nunavut Wildlife Management Board (1995)
Nunavut Bowhead Traditional Knowledge Study. Rankin Inlet, Northern Territories. Preliminary Report.

back to the top of the standard bibliography

Palmer, C. T. (1989)
The Ritual Taboos of Fishermen: An alternative explaination. MAST: Maritime Anthropological Studies 2 (1): 59-68.

Palmer, C. T. (1993)
Folk Management, "Soft Evolutionism," and Fishers' Motives: implications for the regulation of the lobster fisheries in Maine and Newfoundland. Human Organization 52 (4): 414-420.

Peterson, N. and B. Rigsby (1998)
Customary marine tenure in Australia. Sydney: University of Sydney. 263 pp.

Plotkin, M. (1993)
Tales of a Shaman's Apprentice. Penguin Books: New York.

Pomeroy, R. S. (1994)
The Role of Community-based Management and Indigenous Knowledge in Coastal Fisheries Resource Management, in Indigenous Knowledge and Sustainable Development in the Philippines: Proceedings of a Workshop held at the International Institute of Rural Reconstruction. June 24-26, 1992. Edited by Lyn Capistrano-Doren and Evelyn Mathias. Silang, Cavite, Philippines: the International Institute of Rural Reconstruction (IIRR). ISBN 0-942717-48-1. 104-107.

Posey, D. (1990)
Intellectual Property Rights: What is the Position of Ethnobiology? Journal of Ethnobiology 10(1): 93-98.

Posey, D. (1997)
Wider Use and Application of Indigenous Knowledge, Innovations, and Practices: information systems and ethical concerns, in Biodiversity Information: Needs andOptions, Proceedings of the 1996 International Workshop on Biodiversity Information. Edited by D. L. Hawksworth, P. M. Kirk, and S.D. Clarke. New York, NY: CAB International. 69-104.

Pungowiyi, C. (1997)
Traditional nad Ecological Knowledge of Seabirds on St. Lawrence Island. Arctic Research of the United States spring/summer(11): 38-40.

back to the top of the standard bibliography

Rai, S. C., E. Sharma, and R. C. Sundriyal (1994)
Conservation in the Sikkim Himalaya: Traditional Knowledge and Land-use of the Mamlay Watershed. Environmental Conservation 21(1): 30-34,56.

Reichert, P. and M. Spigelman (1991)
International Workshop on Indigenous Knowledge and Community-Based Resource Management: A Workshop Report. Hull: Canadian Environmental Assessment Research Council (CEARC). Mimeo, 20 p.

Reid, J., L. Baker, S. R. Morton, and Mutitjulu Community (1992)
Traditional Knowledge + Ecological Survey = Better Land Management. Search 23(8): 249-251.

Reid, W., Sarah Laird, Rodrigo Gámez, Ana Sittenfeld, Daniel Janzen, Michael Gollin, and Calestous Juma (1993)
A New Lease on Life, in Biodiversity Prospecting: Using Genetic Resources for Sustainable Development. World Resources Institute: USA.

Resource Futures International (RFI) (1997)
Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Environmental Assessment: An Annotated Bibliography. Hull: Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency. Mimeo, 57 p.

Robinson, H. and W. Wickwire (1992)
Nature Power: In the spirit of an Okanagan storyteller. Seattle: University of Washington Press.

Roepstroff, A. (1998)
Virtual Stocks, Experts and Knowledge Traditions: The Circulation of Knowledge on Greenland Halibut, in Aboriginal Environmental Knowledge in the North. Edited by L.-J. Dorais, M. Nagy, and L. Müller-Wille. Québec: GÉTIC. 95-122.

Roszak, T., M. Gomes and A. Kanner, Eds. (1995)
Ecopsychology: Restoring the earth, healing the mind. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books.

Ruddle, K. and R. E. Johannes, Eds. (1983)
The Traditional Knowledge and Management of Coastal Systems in Asia and the Pacific. Jakarta Pusat: United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).

Ruddle, K. (1988)
Social Principles underlying Traditional Inshore Fishery Management Systems in the Pacific Basin. Marine Resource Economics 5 : 351-363.

Ruddle, K., E. Hviding and R. E. Johannes (1992)
Marine Resources Management in the context of Customary Tenure. Marine Resource Economics 7 : 249-273.

Ruddle, K. (1994)
Local Knowledge in the Folk Management of Fisheries and Coastal Marine Environment, in Folk Management in the World's Fisheries: Lessons for modern fisheries management. Edited by C. L. Dyer and J. R. McGoodwin. Niwot: Univeristy of Colorado Press.

Ruddle, K. (1994)
Local Knowledge in the Future Management of Inshore Tropical Marine Resources and Environments. Nature and Resources 30 (1): 28-37.

back to the top of the standard bibliography

Sadler, B. and P. Boothroyd, Eds. (1994)
Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Environmental Impact Assessment. Hull: Canadian Environmental Assessment Research Council (CEARC). Mimeo.

Sallenave, J. (1994)
Giving Traditional Ecological Knowledge its Rightful Place in Environmental Impact Assessment. Northern Perspectives 22 (1). [http://www.carc.org/pubs/v22no1/know.htm]

Schultes, R. E. (1992)
The Importance of Ethnobotany in Environmental Conservation. Environmental Awareness 15 : 133. also in American Journal of Economics and Sociology 53(2):202-206.

Seeley, M. K. (1998)
Can science and community action connect to combat desertification? Journal of Arid Environments 39: 267-277.

Sejersen, F. (1998)
Hunting in Greenland and the Integration of Local Users' Knowledge in Management Strategies, in Aboriginal Environmental Knowledge in the North. Edited by L.-J. Dorais, M. Nagy, and L. Müller-Wille. Québec: GÉTIC. 37-60.

SP Research Associates, and A. Lalonde (1991)
Integrating Indigenous Knowledge and Western Scientific Knowledge in Community-Based Resource Management: A Selected Bibliography. Hull: Canadian Environmental Assessment Research Council (CEARC). Mimeo, 31 p.

Stevenson, M. G. (no date)
In Search of Inuit Ecological Knowledge: A protocol for its collection, interpretation, and use. Department of Renewable Resources, GNWT, Qikiqtaaluk Wildlife Board, and Parks Canada. Draft.

Stevenson, M. J. (1996)
Indigenous Knowledge in Environmental Assessment. Arctic 49 (3): 278-291.

Stevenson, M. J. (1996)
Southeast Baffin Beluga Whale Study, in A Seminar on Two Ways of Knowing: Indigenous and Scientific Knowledge. Edited by A. Fehr and W. Hurst. Inuvik, Northwest Territories. November 15-17. 69-71.

Stevenson, M. J. (1997)
Ignorance and Prejudice Threaten Environmental Assessment. Policy Options/Options Politiques March: 34-36.

Streather, A. (1991)
International Workshop on Indigenous Knowledge and Community-Based Resource Management: A Summary. Hull: Canadian Environmental Assessment Research Council (CEARC). Mimeo, 12 p.

back to the top of the standard bibliography

Thomsen, M. (1993)
Local Knowledge of the Distribution, Biology, and Hunting of Beluga and Narwhal: A survey among Inuit hunters in West and North Greenland. Inuit Circumpolar Conference.

Thrupp, L. A. (1989)
Legitimizing Local Knowledge: from displacement to empowerment for third world people. Agriculture and Human Values Summer: 13-24.

Toledo, V. M. (1997)
New Paradigms for a New Ethnobotany: Reflections on the Case of Mexico, in Ethnobotany: Evolution of a Discipline. Dioscorides Press: Portland, Oregon, p.75-88.

Turner, N. (1997)
Traditional Ecological Knowledge, in The Rain Forests of Home: Profile of a North American Bioregion. Edited by Peter K. Schoonmaker, Bettina von Hagen, and Edward C. Wolf. Washington, D.C.: Island Press. 275-311.

back to the top of the standard bibliography

Ulluwishewa, R. K., H. Ranasinghe, A. Widanapatirana, R. Arangala, H. S. Amarasekara, and G. Wickramasinghe, Eds. (1996)
Indigenous Knowledge and Sustainable Development, Proceedings of the First National Symposium on Indigenous Knowledge and Sustainable Development, Colombo, Sri Lanka, 19-20 March, 1994. Nugegoda, Sri Lanka: Deepanee Printers & Publishers (Pvt.) Ltd.

United Nations Department of Public Information (1992)
Agenda 21, Rio Declaration, Forest Principles: The Final Text of Agreements Negotiated by Governments at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED). Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. June 3-14, 1992.

Usher, P. J. (1993)
The Beverly-Kaminuriak Caribou Management Board: An Experience in Co-Management, in Traditional Ecological Knowledge. Concepts and Cases. Edited by J. Inglis. Ottawa: Canadian Museum of Nature and International Development Research Centre. 142 p.

back to the top of the standard bibliography

Walker, D. H., F. L. Sinclair, and B. Thapa (1995)
Incorporation of indigneous knowledge and perspectives in agroforestry development: Part 1, Review of methods and their application. Agroforestry Systems 30: 235-248.

Warner, G. (1997)
Participatory Management, Popular Knowledge, and Community Empowerment: The Case of Sea Urchin Harvesting in the Vieux-Fort Area of St. Lucia. Human Ecology 25(1): 29-46.

Warren, D. M. (1992)
Indigenous Knowledge, Biodiversity Conservation and Development. Keynote address at the International Conference on Conservation of Biodiversity in Africa: Local Initiatives and Institutional Roles, August 30 - September 3, 1992, Nairobi, Kenya.

Warren, D. M. and B. Rajasekaran (1993)
Putting Local Knowledge to Good Use. International Agricultural Development 13(4): 8-10.

Warren, D. M., G. Von Liebenstein and L. Slikkerveer (1993)
Networking for Indigenous Knowledge. Indigenous Knowledge and Development Monitor 1 (1): 2-4.

Warren, D. M., L. J. Slikkerveer, and D. Brokensha, Eds. (1995)
The Cultural Dimension of Development: Indigenous Knowledge Systems. London, UK: Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd. 582pp.

Warren, D. M. (1996)
Indigenous Knowledge Systems for Sustainable Agriculture in Africa, in Sustainable Development in Thrid World Countries: Applied and Theoretical Perspectives. Edited by V. U. James. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger Publishers. 15-24.

Waterhouse, P. (1990)
Report on the Application of Computer Technologies to Community-Based Environmental Impact Assessment in the Inuvialuit Settlement. Hull: Canadian Environmental Assessment Research Council (CEARC). Mimeo.

Wavey, C. R. (1993)
International Workshop on Indigenous Knowledge and Community-Based Resource Management: Keynote Address, in Traditional Ecological Knowledge: concepts and cases. Edited by J. T. Inglis. Ottawa: International Program on Traditional Ecological Knowledge and International Development Research Centre. 11-16.

Weinstein, M. (1996)
Traditional Knowledge, Impact Assessment, and Environmental Planning: A Paper Prepared for the Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency's BHP Diamond Mine Environmental Assessment Panel. Comox, B.C.: M.S. Weinstein Consulting Services. 12 p.

Williams, N. M. and G. Baines, Eds. (1993)
Traditional Ecological Knowledge: Wisdom for Sustainable Development. Canberra: Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies.

Williamson, T. (1997)
From Sina to Sikujâluk: Our Footprint: Mapping Inuit Environmental Knowledge in The Nain District of Northern Labrador. Prepared for the Labrador Inuit Association. 92 p.

Wolfe, J. et al. (1992)
Indigenous and Western Knowledge and Resources Management System. Guelph: University of Guelph, University School of Rural Planning and Development. 40 pp.

Wolfley, J. (1998)
Ecological Risk Assessment and Management: Their Failure to Value Indigenous Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Protect Tribal Homelands. American Indian Culture and Research Journal 22(2): 151-169.

World Commission on Environment and Development, WCED (1987)
Our Common Future. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

Worsley, P. (1997)
Knowledges : culture, counterculture, subculture. New York : New Press. 407pp.

back to the top of the standard bibliography

Zamparo, J. (1997)
Informaing the Fact: Inuit Traditional Knowledge Contributes Another Perspective. Geoscience Canada 23(4): 261-266. 

back to the top of the standard bibliography

back to the top of the bibliography page