Campbell, N. and J. Reece. 2002. Introduction to Animal Evolution. Biology. pp. 636-675. San Francisco: Pearson Education.
Castro, P. and M. Huber. 2008. Marine Animals Without a Backbone. Marine Biology. pp. 141-145. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Chapman, M. G. 2005. Molluscs and Echinoderms Under Boulders: Tests of Generality of Patterns of Occurrence. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 325(1): 65-83.
Gillespie, J. M. and J. B. McClintock. 2007. Brooding in Echinoderms: How Can Modern Experimental techniques Add to Our Historical Perspective. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 342(2): 191-201.
Lawrence, J. 1987. A Functional Biology of Echinoderms. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
“This webpage is part of the UWT Marine Ecology 2008 Class Project”: http://courses.washington.edu/mareco08